How Should The Indian Mutiny B Essay example -- essays research papers

HOW SHOULD THE INDIAN MUTINY BE CHARACTERISED? SHOULD IT BE SEEN AS A POST heartsease REVOLT, A NATIONALIST UPRISING, OR AS A WAR OF INDEPENDENCE?Any discussion on the reasons behind the Indian mutiny needs to be preceded by what the mutiny actu wholey was. While mutinies and revolts were not uncommon in India at this time, they were usually largely uncoordinated. The mutiny of 1857 however, was different. Here was a major crossroad of various strands of resistance, and an expansion of scale and new level of intensity . It is my purpose to discover why this was. The Mutiny was initiated on the 10th May 1857 at Meerut by the XI native cavalry. The immediate issue was the greased powder magazines of the new rifle which was being brought into use in India. Soldiers were expected to bite off the end of the cartridge to release the powder with which to prime the rifle. It had been suggested as early as 1853 by Colonel Tucker that the new grease might offend the religious sentiments of the Sepoys, but this warn had gone unheeded. This type of attitude was typical of the British who constantly underestimated the importance of Indian righteousness, and the failure to do so here was to have disastrous consequences.In January 1857 a labourer at the Dum Dum arsenal near Calcutta, a low caste Hindu, taunted a high caste Sepoy who had offended him that You will soon leave out your caste, as long as you will have to bite cartridges covered with the fat of pigs and cows . The news of this incident spread. As it was against Muslim and Hindu religion to come into contact with these meats, it would have been a disgrace for them to have had to use these rifles. However, it was not personal pollution that the Sepoys feared but, social ostracism, they feared they would be ex communicated by their let people. Furthermore, the whole incident appeared more sinister to the Sepoys , who already suspected the British had in mind to make them outcasts and convert them to Christian ity. With this skepticism still rife, Colonel Carmichael Smith tell his regiment at Meerut to parade for firing practice on 24th April 1857. He was aware the situation was tense, but there were new instructions to establish the cartridges with fingers and not teeth. However, the men refused to take practice cartridges even though they were the old type, as they feared for their reputations.The men were court ma... ... instrument that the British were using to keep power, and hence once the army had shown they were no longer supporting Britain, people would not fear reprisals in broaching problems that they had against British rule, and also use the mutiny as an strive to elevate themselves to greater power and status.To adequately describe the mutiny seems to call for the answer that in many senses of the word it was not one mutiny, but many, all occurring for different reasons in a domino effect, started for one reason, but quickly moving on to another agenda as it moved throu gh the country. The existent mutiny itself started from a relatively minor occurrence, but its continuance portrays an expression of broader discontent among the ordinary people of India, although it cane be seen there were no intelligibly defined aims involved. Furthermore, the fact that there was no move away from westernism directly after the mutiny dispels more from any argument of a war of liberty or a national uprising. Thus if the mutiny has to be characterised at all, which has been shown is particularly hard, and maybe even undesirable, then it would have to be described as some type of post pacification revolt.

Essay examples --

The regulatorsBy Anika KhanderiaWhat was the Regulator Movement?The Regulator Movement (also known as the War of the Regulation, or the Regulator uprising) was an uprising that took place in the Carolinas from 1765 to 1771 when citizens of both colonies took up arms against corrupt colonial officials. Historians consider the Regulator Movement to be a catalyst to the American Revolution, even though it was unsuccessful.Causes of the UprisingMany factors influenced the uprising that took place in the Carolinas during the 1760s and 70s. Firstly, many people emigrated from the urban northeast to the rural southwest during the 1760s which created a enormous population increase in the Carolinas (as noted by the Censuses). The once agricultural inland section that was populated by planters was upsetted as merchants and lawyers headed westward. At the same time, the local anaesthetic agricultural economy was experiencing a deep economic depression due to the severe droughs that had occur ed throughout the past decade. The loss of crops cut out the average farmers/planters principal(prenominal) food source as well a...

The Discovery of Toumai †An Old Hominid :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Discovery of Toumai An Old Hominid IntroductionThe current idea of the evolution of humans is about to make a huge turnabout. The cranium, a jaw fragment, and several teeth of a hominid (a primitive human) were institute in the Djurab Desert. The fogys are thought to be, amazingly, between 6 and 7 one thousand thousands years old. The authorities in Chad have nicknamed the cranium Toumai, which means, hope of life in the Goran language (Walton).Where was it found?The fossils were found in the Djurab Desert in Union Chad, Central Africa. Of the four areas in the Chad basin, the remains were found in the oldest locality, TM 266 (Toros Menalla). The remains are well preserved and the cranium is almost complete, considering the difficult sleuthing of fossil layers and the constant sand blowing winds. The cranium has been designated TM 266-01-060-1 (Wood). Only two other hominid fossils have been found in Chad. The first, which was found in 1961, cancelled out to be a m odern human skull that had become so eroded that is looked like an australopith (an early form of hominids). The second set of remains was found in 1995. This hominid was a real australopith and was named Australopithecus bahrelghazali (Wood). But because of where the fossils were found, scientists had to think of another way to date the bones. Absolute isotope-based dating methods cannot be applied to the fossil layers at Toros Menalla because there are no ash layers to provide the necessary argon and potassium. Nor are the sediments suitable for magnetism-based dating methods. Instead, the team matched the rich vertebrate fossil record at TM 266, consisting of examples of 44 different groups, with the equivalent record from sites in East Africa that have absolute dates. The best matches are with two sites in Kenya The Lukeino Formation of the Tugen Hills (which dates to about 6 million years ago) and the Nawata Formation at Lothagam (5.3-7.4 million years). The upshot is a reliable age estimate of about 6-7 million years for the Toros Menalla fossils (Wood).How it is different?For over a century and a half, it was believed that humans and African apes are more closely related than humans and orangutans.

The Great Depression in America :: essays research papers fc

Father, wont we have anything to eat for dinner? tell a young boy in a poor household, after his parents missed everything. Aww, now thats a sad story. The economic collapse of 1929, alike known as the Great Depression, helped make most of the United States bankrupt. The Great Depression was the worst economic disaster in the entire history of the U.S. (Gusmorino). It found millions of people out of work, and made people homeless and hungry. Food and job lines were nearly endless in the cities. The Great Depression was a horrible measure for most of Americans. Many people lost their jobs and a lot of businesses closed. This job loss forced many Americans to becoming migratory workers.One of the main causes for this feeling was that too many people over estimated the stock markets stability, and they put lots of money into it (Gusmorino). When the stock market did crash, the people that invested in it lost everything. Also, people that put their life savings in banks lost ever ything they had, because the banks lost all their money. After this, it was hard to get the American people to put their practice back in the banks and the stock market, so President Roosevelt made a series of new laws and deals, creating more jobs, and ensuring that your money would not be lost in a bank. The new jobs that President Roosevelt created were mostly construction jobs to maintain and repair public lands. For example, one of the new jobs was to fix and maintain highways. Also, he gave money to farmers for them to rectify up work camps on their farms. These work camps offered jobs to anyone that was willing to travel to a farm and work there. This process of leaving your home, and living wherever you can work, is called migrant labor.During this historical time period, millions of Americans were forced into a life of migrant labor (Migrant). A migrant worker is someone who travels from town to town, looking for work. Then, when they find work, they cost at the job site . Migrant workers usually live in small camps or tents along irrigation canals or right on a farm field.When a drought swept through the Great Plains in 1931, and dust storms came in 1932, the farmlands on the plains were all completely destroyed (Fanslow). Those people out of work move to states like California for jobs.

Theories of Psychology Essay -- Psychology

1. Theories of Multiple IntelligencesHoward Gardner proposed the theory of multiple sciences in his book, Frames of Mind in 1983 (Smith, 2006). Initially, Gardner spoke of seven tidingss and later added two. The first two are considered fundamental and most revered in the public school system, they are Linguistic intelligence and Logical-Mathematic intelligence. Linguistic intelligence includes the capability to use, speak and learn languages and words. Logical-Mathematic intelligence is the skill of working proficiently with numbers. Musical intelligence is the ability of performing, recognizing, and writing music. Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence is utilizing the mind and the body together to solve problems. Visual-Spatial intelligence recognizes patterns of space. Interpersonal intelligence is the ability of pictureing people. Intrapersonal is the ability to understand self. The final two that Gardner added in 1999 are, Naturalist, the ability to observe patterns in the way thi ngs are organized and Existentialist, the ability to understand spiritual and philosophical issues. Gardner also claims ?intelligences rarely operate independently?. (Smith, 2006)Interpersonal intelligence applies best to me because I am a very good attendee and I have the ability to identify and respond accordingly to various moods and temperaments. I am often referred to as the peacekeeper or mediator. The feelings of others are foremost in my thoughts and actions. I enjoy contributing to others personal development and well-being. (Smith, 2006)2. Problem solvingAlgorithm is a systematic approach such as formulas used in math. (Roberts, 2006)Representative Heuristics or a rule of thumb is when information matches prev... ...al and half environmental. Our environment was always a happy go lucky one, I never heard my parents argue or raise their voices to each other and I think that played a huge role in the way that I have viewed life and dealt with different situations over the years. (Roberts, 2006)ReferenceAmerican Heart Association., (2008). retrieved April 26, 2008 fromhttp//www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4545Smith, Mark., (2006). Howard gardner, multiple intelligences and education, introduction topsychology (pp.120-126). Kaplan University. United States, Copley.Roberts, Melinda Ph.D., (2006). Personality, introduction to psychology (ch.11). Kaplan University. United States, Copley.Roberts, Melinda Ph.D., (2006). idea and intelligence, introduction to psychology (ch.10).Kaplan University. United States, Copley

Blood Pressure Essay -- Health, Diseases, Walking

DistanceOther studies become attempted to measure the effect of distance on blood pressure chemical reaction in order to find if thither is any correlation between distance and a meaningful blood pressure reduction. One of these studies (see Moreau et al, 2001) involved 24 sedentary post-menopausal American women (15 in the intervention group ) with high blood pressure. The results found that, after a 2- course of instruction walking programme, that there was a statistically significant drop of 13 mmHg in the systolic blood pressure of those participants who were taking anti-hypertensive drugs and of 11 mmHg in those not receiving medication, whereas there was no difference found in their diastolic blood pressure and in the blood pressure of the control group. The participants in the intervention group were instructed to walk 3 kms per day in entree to their normal daily physical activity. After the first year the reduction in blood pressure was significant 6 mm Hg in the systoli c blood pressure of the participants who were taking anti-hypertensive medication and 7mmHg in the non-medication group.In this study , the magnitude of the reduction of systolic blood pressure as a result of a walking programme is similar to that which has been found in earlier studies in response to traditional exercise (see Seals et al,1997, and Hagberg et al, 2000). FrequencySeveral studies have examined the impact of the frequency of walking per calendar week on blood pressure in order to determine what frequency is most effective in cost of blood pressure reduction response.A study by Gettman et al, conducted in 1976, which compared the effect of fast walking between one, three and five days per week on blood pressure response, found that the difference in frequency was no... ...ffect on systolic blood pressure only. Lee et al (2010) found that discuss to high intensity waking was more likely to decrease blood pressure than low intensity walking. This result supports the findings of the study conducted by Quinn in the year 2000. Nemoto et al (2007) compared the effect of continuous walking at moderate intensity (50% of crest aerobic capacity) and interval walking at high intensity (70% of peak aerobic capacity) on reducing blood pressure. They found that blood pressure reduction was greater in the group who walked at high intensity 9 mmHg for systolic blood pressure and 5 mmHg for diastolic.The results of a study conducted in India by Gosh (2006) to measure the effect of walking intensity (2 Km/30min) for 20 weeks, showed that there was a significant reduction in systolic/diastolic blood pressure by approximately 10 mmHg/4 mmHg.

Blood Pressure Essay -- Health, Diseases, Walking

DistanceOther studies puzzle attempted to measure the effect of distance on blood pressure response in order to find if in that location is any correlation between distance and a material blood pressure reduction. One of these studies (see Moreau et al, 2001) involved 24 sedentary post-menopausal American women (15 in the intervention group ) with high blood pressure. The results found that, after a 2- year walking programme, that there was a statistically significant drop of 13 mmHg in the systolic blood pressure of those participants who were taking anti-hypertensive drugs and of 11 mmHg in those not receiving medication, whereas there was no difference found in their diastolic blood pressure and in the blood pressure of the control group. The participants in the intervention group were instructed to walk 3 kms per day in plus to their normal daily physical activity. After the first year the reduction in blood pressure was significant 6 mm Hg in the systolic blood pressure of the participants who were taking anti-hypertensive medication and 7mmHg in the non-medication group.In this study , the magnitude of the reduction of systolic blood pressure as a result of a walking programme is similar to that which has been found in earlier studies in response to traditional exercise (see Seals et al,1997, and Hagberg et al, 2000). FrequencySeveral studies have examined the impact of the frequency of walking per calendar week on blood pressure in order to determine what frequency is most effective in toll of blood pressure reduction response.A study by Gettman et al, conducted in 1976, which compared the effect of fast walking between one, three and five days per week on blood pressure response, found that the difference in frequency was no... ...ffect on systolic blood pressure only. Lee et al (2010) found that season to high intensity waking was more likely to decrease blood pressure than low intensity walking. This result supports the findings of the stud y conducted by Quinn in the year 2000. Nemoto et al (2007) compared the effect of continuous walking at moderate intensity (50% of full point aerobic capacity) and interval walking at high intensity (70% of peak aerobic capacity) on reducing blood pressure. They found that blood pressure reduction was greater in the group who walked at high intensity 9 mmHg for systolic blood pressure and 5 mmHg for diastolic.The results of a study conducted in India by Gosh (2006) to measure the effect of walking intensity (2 Km/30min) for 20 weeks, showed that there was a significant reduction in systolic/diastolic blood pressure by approximately 10 mmHg/4 mmHg.

Managing technological change

Managing technological change effectively in governings, and even across entire industries, has always been a ch tout ensembleenge for management, IT practitioners, and stage business development specialists. Technological change within companies and enterprises is non primarily a technology issue nor is it an area of interested limited to IT managers and specialists alone. Technological change should be a primary concern for business managers. The new generations of IT advancements can be applied to support advanced information management which in turns can alter business transformation within an face.Managing automation-foc employ projects has become an outdated admission. Without a system on managing technological change effectively, the end leads for organizations in applying new technologies usually result in unexpectedly high failure rates (BusinessWeek Online, 2006). A solution for business and IT managers is to make use of the Benefits Realization method. All organizat ions actually digest a Benefits Realization process whether they are aware of it or not.For most companies, it is most likely not a formal process, and as such, the organization does not notwithstanding know most it, but it also does not understand it. When an organization is not aware of the Benefits Realization in place, then it tends to be a motionless process, not a managed one. What happens of course is that the process does not work very well. However, when the Benefits Realization process is blueprinted and engineered systematically, it can actually lead to a amazing improvement in the organizations performance (BusinessWeek Online, 2006).In general, the Benefits Realization method provides for a new basis for using IT to deliver business results more consistently, predictably, and effectively. The approach makes use of two interconnected elements mindsets on IT and on management methods. Taken these two fields to start outher, Benefits Realization seeks to focus on int egrating technology into an organizations business system. It posits that the application of IT alone, regardless of how technically powerful, cannot deliver effective and successful business results without considering and combining IT with business methods (BusinessWeek Online, 2006).In other words, for an effective Benefits Realization process, the organization must seek to combine IT and management capabilities, and provide for a system that monitors the entire process from start to finish. F. Research Issue The ideal Benefits Realization design should start from the launch of the project, go beyond deliver, and actually measure the success and process improvement of the new design, process, software, or whatever technology was introduced to the organization.The problem is that not all companies have systems in place to really measure process improvement for Benefits Realization after completion of the project. This may happen when the organization is not aware that it has a Ben efits Realization process in place to begin with, or when the organizations Benefits Realization design simply does not have the tools to measure the end results of the process. G. Objectives of the Study The research study has the following objectives ? To identify the reasons why the introduction of technology in benefits recognition has often failed to bring about real change and benefits to the company.? To discuss how failure of most benefits realization programs are due to the lack of measurement tools in determining the benefits from its investments. ? To provide recommendations and solutions on how to work effective benefits realization within an organization. H. Definition of Terms The following key terms, which will be used recurrently throughout the study, are defined as follows ? Benefits realization the discipline of ensuring that business initiatives deliver expected benefits (Aron, Tucker & Hunter, 2005).It is an integrated set of processes, techniques, tools, docu mentation standards and governance framework that cane be used to get the most value from technology investments (Federal Aviation Administration, 1999, p. 1-2). ? Business benefit a real source of value to the business, such as increased revenues, improved client retention, lower costs, or quicker time-to-market (Aron, Tucker & Hunter, 2005). ? IT-intensive project/initiative a business project with a significant IT component. It is increasingly common to consider all projects business projects.Projects involving significant IT activities and/or costs represent an opportunity for the Chief Operating Officer (CIO) and Information System (IS) organization to contribute strongly to benefits realization (Aron, Tucker & Hunter, 2005). I. Significance of the Study The study is significant since it will analyse the reasons why benefits realization programs fail in companies. It will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of benefits realization approaches used by companies. The recommenda tions that the study will provide can serve as useful tools for organization in setting up effective benefits realization programs.

The Effects of Obsessive Computer Games Playing on Children’s Activities

The effects of obsessive computer games playing on childrens activities. computer games are very popular with children and teenagers because of their extremely socialise nature. However they are not witout negative effects on their health and developpment. A lot of children, who are attracted by these games, quickly become addicted to them and would make pass hours and hours infront of their computers with their eyes glued on the screen and their minds fixed on nothing else. s the game requires sitting and no physical activity children spend increase amounts of time infront of their computer, which is likely to increase their risk of obesity, backaches , eye and hand injuries, and even heart deseases.Besides, spending a disproportionate amount of time on unrivaled leisure activity at the expense of others will cerainly prevent social development. As aresult many children lose touch with their friends and become lonely. ast but not least, in many cases, these games are accused of b eing responsible for low performance at school since homework is often neglected or undone and many children finally drop out of school. For all these reasons, children should be taught to use computer games safely in order to avoid the types of eye, back, and hand injuries. Besides, parents are advised to simpleness their childrens choice of games and to limit the time spent on these games. Finally they should emphasize alternative activities, such as athletics as well as creative play so that their children grow up with healthy minds and healthy bodies.

Financial crises Essay

It is difficult to deny the fact at times of financial crises more and more people have no otherwise select but to become entrepreneurs (Spors & Flanderz, 2009). Due to the growing unemployment, more and more people simply cannot but use entrepreneurship as the source of wellbeing. The success of such military control initiatives depends on how well new entrepreneurs atomic number 18 able to evaluate their operational risks.Moreover, given that operational risks are being formed at all levels of organisational performance, entrepreneurs should be extremely cautious and attentive toward such risks, and develop effective monitoring systems that would work to identify operational risks as soon as they are make upd. It should be noted, that for a business to be successful it is not enough to understand operational risks entrepreneurs should remember that the latter do not account for strategical and reputational issues that are equally important in business.I believe that entrepren eurs should choose holistic approaches to business the approaches that cover a broad range of risks and help seasonable identify and address them. Comparative Advantage It is obvious that comparative advantage is one of the few concepts that drive economic development and provide countries with additional exertion stimuli.The case of Turkey (Afsin,Yilmaz & Fahrettin, 2007) suggests that the more country invests in manufacturing the most successful and cost-efficient products, the more likely it is to gain comparative advantage over other countries and to use this comparative advantage as the source of significant profits. What seems to be true, though, is that the concept of comparative advantage does not cover all benefits the country may use when investing into the most competitive products.Comparative advantage provides countries with an opportunity to use additional profits for the development and improvement of other products. These investment opportunities create a kind of comparative advantage cycle, which national manufacturers can continuously use to increase GDP, expand research and development opportunities, and to conquer the growing touch of markets.

Benjamin Quarles Histographic Essay Essay

The role of blacks in Americawhat they have do and what has been d adept to themilluminates the past and informs the present. Unless we fully comprehend the role of racism in this society, we can never truly know America. These poignant words are from hotshot of Dr. Benjamin Quarles last essays for the journal Daedalus. Dr. Quarles was definitely a man who settled for nothing less than excellence. He dedicated his life to works that would educate the existence for years to come.His thorough research coupled with his impressive way with words blazed trails for modern day historians to follow. On January 23, 1904, Benjamin Arthur Quarles was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His father was a subway porter. Quarles, himself worked as a bellhop on Boston-based steamboats and in Florida hotels. This man, however, was destined to achieve greater goals as young Quarles proved his superior intellect upon gradation from Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina. In addition to receiving his B. A. , he was awarded the Social Science Research Council crime syndicate.This is a fellowship that is only offered to those that are expected to make a long-term impact on society through their work. Quarles went on to receive his M. A. from the University of Wisconsin in Madison in the year of 1933. His dissertation topic was the life of abolitionist Frederick Douglass. His knowledge and dedication were impressive enough to win the Rosenwald Fellowship in 1938. During the year of 1939, he was appointed prof of biography at Dillard University in cutting Orleans, Louisiana and then received his Ph. D. from the University of Wisconsin. In 1942, Dr.Quarles received his second Social Science Research Council fellowship then following that he was granted the Carnegie stomach Advancement Teaching Fellowship in 1944 before winning the Rosenwald Fellowship once again in the year of 1945. Quarles became the Secretary of the New Orleans urban league in 1947 and held that coiffure un til 1951. Finally, in 1948 Dr. Quarles promulgated his first work entitle Frederick Douglass which he undoubtedly used the dissertation from his graduate work as the basis. This was a book than was an in depth account of the life of Frederick Douglass.In addition, he also joined the link for the Study of Afro-American Life and History. as well as in the same year, Dr. Quarles was appointed the dean of the Dillard faculty. In 1949, he became the Honorary Consultant in American History at the library of Congress and he held this prestigious position until the year of 1951. He also served on the New Orleans Council of Social Agencies. Dr. Quarles left Dillard University as he was appointed to be the Professor of History and Chairman of the History Department at Morgan State College in Baltimore, Maryland in 1953. He also penned his second book entitled, The Negro in the Civil War.In this work he was determined to disprove the common myth that the African Americans took a passive rol e in the fight against slavery. Quarles was equal to(p) to effectively reveal that approximately 3. 5 million African Americans were major participants for the cause of freedom. There were approximately 180,000 soldiers and the rest worked as orderlies, spies and laborers. Millikens Bend was one of the hardest fought encounters in the annals of American military history, Quarles explained. The battle at Millikens Bend, according to Assistant Secretary of War Charles A.Dana, completely revolutionized the sentiment of the forces with regard to the employment of Negro troops. Once again, Quarles received the Social Science Research Council Fellowship, as well as serving the Urban League in the office of Vice President during the year of 1957. Dr. Quarles won the Guggenheim Fellowship in 1959 before editing the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass in 1960. In 1961, Quarles promulgated The Negro in the American Revolution where he explored the major role of African Americans and their vast efforts in their own search for freedom.His observeings that would display the positive contributions African Americans made to this country that definitely could not be found in mainstream literary or educational works. He followed this poignant book with another entitled Lincoln and the Negro. In this book Dr. Quarles ventured into unexplored territory. Even though Lincoln is considered as the President who was in office when slavery was abolished his thoughts on the African American people were never actually explored. Quarles intent was to show Lincoln as a true friend of the enslaved because of the philosophy expressed in the Declaration of Independence.Yet, he noted that Lincoln also believed that whites were mentally superior to blacks and he was vehemently opposed to marriages between the two races. In addition, he did not support the military issue of granting blacks the right to vote. Once again, in the year of 1964 Dr. Quarles published another book entitled The Negro in the Making of America. This book explored the vast contribution African Americans have made in the development of this country. In addition to publishing a book he also served on the Advisory Committee of Library Services at the U. S.Office of Education from 1964 to 1966. Lift Every Voice The Lives of Booker T. Washington was a book that he co-authored with Dorothy Sterling and was published in 1965. The year of 1967 proved to be a busy one as Dr. Quarles became grantee of the American Council of Learned Societies. In addition, he became the Vice President of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. During this year, he also was inducted into Phi Alpha Theta while publishing yet another book entitled, The Negro American A accusative Story. He co-authored this book with Leslie H.Fishel, Jr. In 1968, Dr. Quarles was able to publish Frederick Douglass as part of the Great Lives Observed Series, while in the year of 1969 he published Black Abolitionists an d became Chairman of the State of Maryland Commission on Negro History and Culture. The year of 1970 proved to be another busy year for Dr. Quarles as he was appointed for a second term as Honorary Consultant in United States History, the Library of Congress. He was also granted the position of Honorary Chairman of the Maryland State Commission on Afro-American History and Culture.Dr. Quarles published another book entitled Blacks on John cook and became Vice President Emeritus of the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History. In addition, he was appointed to the editorial board of the Journal of Negro History and Maryland Historical Magazine as well as accepting the appointment to the National Council of the Frederick Douglass Museum of African Art at the Smithsonian. In 1974, Dr. Quarles published consort for Freedom Blacks and John Brown as well as Blacks on John Brown.He also retired from Morgan State College and he was the Commencement speaker at Morgan whil e receiving the honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree. During the year of 1976 Dr. Quarles became a member of the Building Committee of the Amistad Research Center, as well as the device Advisory Committee on Black Congress members of the Joint Center for Political Studies. In addition, he became a member of the Advisory Board on American History and the Life of the American Bibliographical Center.Also during the year of 1976 he became a Member of the Committee of Advisors of the National Humanities Center Fellowship Committee. He served on this committee until 1978. During 1977, he served on the Department of Army Historical Advisory Committee until 1980, while in 1981 Dr. Quarles was named Professor Emeritus at Morgan State University. In 1988, Quarles published Black Mosaic Essays in Afro-American History and Historiography, as well as receiving the American Historical Associations Senior Historian Scholarly Distinction Award.The last year of his life he received the Smithson ian Institutions National Museum of American History biography Achievement Award before passing away November 16, 1996. Dr. Benjamin Quarles was a man who achieved much in a time when African Americans were still in the struggle to obtain the rights of a true American. There were few sympathizers at Wisconsin for Quarles desires to write black history. They feared a black person studying history would work out it into propaganda, however, Quarles diligently continued his studies and eventually found a professor who consented to guide his thesis research.Much of Quarles writing style was learned from Professor William Hesseltine of the University of Wisconsin. He worked with this professor while completing his doctorate. Dr. Quarles has left a legacy of works that has been such a impact on the world because it illuminates the African American culture in ways that often times cannot be found in history books. He was not only a man who received so umteen prestigious awards and fille d impressive positions, but he was truly a great historian. Dr.Quarles was able to pen over a dozen books that all in one way or another displayed several viewpoints. He didnt just stop at the obvious but had the tendency to dig deeper and find the facts from different points of view. His work began with Frederick Douglass before spanning the years when African Americans fought for the freedom that many take for granted today. Quarles married Vera Bullock Quarles who died in 1951, and then Ruth Brett in 1952 who outlived her husband. They had two daughters. Dr.Benjamin Quarles truly lived a full and productive life that definitely made a difference to the rest of us that he lived. Bibliography AA Registry, http//www. aaregistry. com/african_american_history/703/Dedicated_historian_Benjamin_Quarles, trustworthy December 8, 2006. http//sfsu. edu/multsowk/title/15. htm receive on December 8, 2006 http//frontlist. com/detail/0306807904 Received on December 8, 2006 https//www. listserv . umd. edu/cgi-bin/wa? A2=ind9611&L=sedit-1&F=P&P=2462 Received on December 8, 2006 Journal of African American History, http//www.historycooperative. org/cgi-bin/justtop. cgi? act= justtop&url=http//history8operative. org/journals/jan/87. 2/br_50. htm Penn State, www. upenn. edu/almanac/v43/n13/news. html Terborg-Penn, Roselyn, Negro History Bulletin, 1997 Turner, Nathaniel, http//www. nathanielturner. com/christian reportstobenjaminquarles. htm Received on December 8, 2006 Turner, Nathaniel, http//www. nathanielturner. com/benjaminquarles. htm, Received on December 8, 2006 Turner, Nathaniel, http/www. nathanielturner. com/benjaminquarles. htm, Received on December 8, 2006

With wind power technologies

AbstractionWith wheel former designs deriving rapid impulse particularly seaward wrap recruit enginee border, assorted issues affecting internal and impertinent galvanizing connexion of off propping up argumentation sure turbines to the football fieldiron arise. This literature reappraisal presents a survey of past researches refering offshore get up farm engineering and high spots wind farm connexion issues. subdivision 1 presents the debut of the subject fol started by an everywhereview of offshore expression topical farms in Section 2. Following, types of sources utilise ar discussed in Section 3. Section 4 and 5 nowadayss the nucleus of the research, detailing contagion and interconnectedness of offshore pipeline modern farms utilizing both(prenominal) AC and DC sever bothy. Finally the last subdivision concludes the reappraisal.Section OneIntroduction flex power coevals has been on the rise as of late 1 . USA late took over Germany as the current univers e s leader of air current power capacity 2 , using air current energy as an option of electricity coevals. European states argon preponderantly inclined towards wind power in add-on to Asiatic states such as China and India, which are amongst the top air current power manufacturers 2 .There is a bound to onshore air current farm connexion nevertheless, out-of-pocket to castigate down bounds and with the huge potency of air current harvest home from the seas and less obstructor compared to onshore air currents 3 , it is merely unvarnished that the following logical measure is to travel into offshore wind farms. Furthermore, with changeless power produced from the changeless air current velocity of the sea 1 , and the achievable combination of moving ridge and tidal power 4 , chances of offshore air current farms are promoting.Installations of offshore air current farms are non fiddling, as many factors and concerns are taken into history over the substructure and layout . The unsmooth hostile environment of the sea gives rather a challenge for installing and transmission trunk to the power grid and it is a critical concern. Overall, there are several galvanic challenges sing offshore air current farms in contrast to the mechanical challenges that has surface reduced over the past decennary 1 .A major challenge sing offshore air current farms would be its infection from generator to the grid 5 . The conventional AC transmittances provide restrictions as offshore air current farms move farther off from the shore. These restrictions will be analyse and possible solutions are to be recommended.This literature reappraisal presents an overview of grid connexion of offshore air current turbines, diging into types of generators engagementd, every bit good as air current farm interconnectedness, transmittals of power to onshore grid and reappraisals of jobs related.Section TwoGeneral Overview of Offshore Wind FarmsWind farms are considered off shore if they are at least 30km from the seashore 6 . Presently, the biggest offshore air current farms has a capacity of up to 200MW 7 , with each turbines set down forthing 2-3MW. Offshore air current farms are pricey ( 30-60 % higher 4 ) than onshore collect to the larger, higher rated power of turbines, undersea connexions and overall cost of installing and care 3 .Harmonizing to case 3 , air current farms pee electric subsystems which consist ofInternal medium-voltage ( MV ) grid for aggregation of power produced by single generators Offshore electrical substructure for transit of power to the shore Onshore system which link the farm to HV webs.The power produced by each air current turbine is collected via the internal MV grids utilizing either stellate or pealing connected design 3 . Radial design, being the cheapest pick, uses a individual foreign wire feeder that is connected to the turbines in contrast to the ring connected web where cabling and exchangi ng output higher costs. Radial design suffer from low dependability, though it underside be improved by forking the radial feeders 3 .Depending on air current farm size and distance from shore, every bit good as environmental restriction, 3 nowadayss two strategies of electrical substructures for jinxing power to the shore. arrangement 1 utilizations an seaward substation incorporating switchgears and transformers 8 , which step up electromotive forces and transmit it utilizing HV overseas telegrams, while Scheme 2 utilizations undersea MV overseas telegrams 3 .The defined point of common yoke ( PCC ) is where the offshore air current farm connects to the grid 3 . If an offshore substation is present beforehand ( Scheme 1 ) , the HV overseas telegrams are connected straight to the grid but if MV overseas telegrams are used for transmittal ( Scheme 2 ) , so an onshore step-up transformer is required with HV overseas telegrams before being fed to the grid 3 . Figure 1 b elow shows the two different electrical system strategies.Figure 1 Wind farm electrical system schemes 3 Offshore substation is normally required for electromotive forces above 33kv 9 and is costlier due to dearly-won indoor equipment and environmental protection 9 but contributes to take down power losingss and simpler electromotive force catch 3 .Section ThreeWind Turbines and Generators diametrical types of air current generators necessitate been designed and manufactured within the past two decennaries, to provide to the demands of planetary air current power capacity every bit good as the spell development of air current power engineering 10 . These wind generators are designed to back up and manage mistakes on the grid 7 . There are assorted types of generators for air current turbines and they are categorized harmonizing to synchronal or innovation type generators.3.1 Synchronous GeneratorsThe power convertor in Figure 2 refers to a rectifier, with constellatio n a being stator connected and the remainder being rotor coil connected 11 .3.2 Initiation GeneratorsAs for outset generators, typical constellations for air current farms are shown in Figure 3 belowFor constellation a, the power convertor is a soft starting move whereas for constellation B and vitamin D, it refers to a frequency convertor. Configu symmetryn degree Celsius has an external inconsistent rotor opposition 11 .3.3 Fixed hie and Variable Speed Wind TurbinesIn conventional systems, fixed velocity air current turbines are used in order to accomplish equal relative frequency of the grid and the electrical end product 6 . However, variable velocity air current turbines are has an advantage over fixed velocity air current turbines due to holding advanced power electronic constituents and good control for grid support. Fixed velocity turbines are by and large cheaper, simple and robust and Reference 7 presented a new control method to gear up the better of the res trictions and believes that the fixed velocity turbines will be popular once more if betterments are made over its grid support.Fixed velocity or variable velocity air current turbine design relies to a great extent on an optimal rotational velocity expressed by a factor called tip-speed ratio 6, 12 Wind turbines will work under certain tip-speed ratio for the coveted turbine efficiency. In Figure 4, a typical graph demoing the relation of air current turbine efficiency and tip-speed ratio is shown. Mentioning to the graph, accomplishing 47 % efficiency requires the air current turbine to hold a tip-speed ratio of 8 13 .Figure 4 Example relation between air current turbine efficiency and tip-speed ratio 13 3.4 Fixed Speed GeneratorsFixed Speed Synchronous GeneratorsFixed velocity synchronal generators produce end product frequence ground on the turbine s rotational frequence which implies that it is synchronized with the generator s shaft velocity 6 . These machines can brin g forth electricity by itself without the grid s power, so in instance of care or fix plants, isolation of the generators must be implemented 6 for safety grounds.Fixed Speed Induction GeneratorsInitiation generators are normally used for fixed velocity turbines, particularly squirrel-cage type generators and they connect straight to the AC grid without the demand for frequence convertors 13 . Reference 6 provinces that the grid s excitement controls the frequence of the generator s end product.When air current velocities go above the rated velocity threshold ( shutdown or roll uping wind velocity 5 ) of normally 25/ , the end product power is constrained by natural stall or active pitching of turbine blades and if that fails, the turbine is so stopped. For improved turbine efficiency, fixed wind generators can exchange between pole yokes to run at two different velocities 13 . This characteristic is to let low air currents velocity to hold better efficiency.Initiation gen erators are favoured for their low cost and isolation for care plants is non required compared to the synchronal generators, due to its inability to bring forth electricity when the grid s power is cut off. However, initiation generators have a disadvantage of that it consumes reactive power from the grid, though including capacitances between the generator and the grid could counterpoise the job 6 13 . Initiation generators besides require a cut-off system to avoid it moving as a force back when air current speeds lessenings.3.5 Variable Speed GeneratorsThrough variable velocity generators, we can do the rotor to run at a fixed tip-speed ratio over changing air current velocities to obtain maximal efficiency 13 . This is achieved by utilizing frequence convertors or commanding the rotor s faux pas 13 . The former method licenses wider velocity scope. Reference 10 has made a comparing survey on seven variable velocity changeless frequence ( VSCF ) air current generators d welling of both synchronal and induction generators. The initiation generators studied specifically are double fed initiation generators ( DFIG ) and VSCF squirrel coop initiation generators ( SCIG ) , whereas the synchronal generator types were lasting magnet synchronal generators ( PMSG ) and electrically excited synchronal generator ( EESG ) 10 . Both of the synchronal generators are direct control in contrast to the geared goaded initiation generators. found on the comparing consequences, the geared driven double fed initiation generators ( DFIG ) emerged as the about appealing due to its high one-year energy production ( AEP ) per cost and lowest generator system cost and it is recommended for big power evaluation use 10 .Doubly Fed Induction Generator ( DFIG )This lesion rotor machine can work as a variable-speed generator through debut of variable electromotive forces into its rotor at slip frequence 14 . The variable velocity is determined by the two IGBT based elec tromotive force beginning convertors evaluations and it is through these convertors that the rotor get the variable electromotive forces 14 .Section FourOffshore Wind Farm AC transmittanceAC transmittal is a good developed engineering 15 and soon used in or so air current farms 16 . For offshore air current farms that are below 100km distance from shore and less than 150MW capacity, high electromotive force AC ( HVAC ) transmittal is a favoured pick for being the most economical method 17 .AC transmittal has the advantages of 16 Simpler installing, care and interconnectednessCost effectualOperational consistenceAC links are non used for durable distances due to high electrical capacity and bring forth reactive currents 15 . This implies bigger reactive power due to the exonerate downing currents produced as overseas telegrams become longer and reactive power compensators are needed 5 15 . AC transmittal loses its economic entreaty when active current is less tha n the bear downing current 15 . The transporting burden current capacity of the AC overseas telegrams is reduced because the overseas telegrams must physically transport both burden and bear downing currents at the same clip 16 . Reference 16 shows that bear downing current is expressed by =2F where F is frequence, is electrical capacity and is electromotive force and the relation of current capacity is 2= 2+2, where is the overseas telegram current capacity and is load current.Based on look, utilizing DC outputs =0 at steady province 16 , which shows the advantage of DC holding higher transporting load current capacity. Besides bear downing currents, AC cables besides experience power losingss ( 2 ) 16 and there are bounds to a figure of AC overseas telegrams that can be installed due to the environment 18 .Section FiveOffshore Wind Farm DC Transmission5.1 HVDC LinksConventionally, offshore wind farms are connected to the grid via AC transmittal as antecedently stated. Latest developments nevertheless, have suggested that AC links are to be substituted with a District of Columbia transmittal system. Typically used for far wind farms of more than 60km, HVDC links are non limited by the length of transmittal and therefore will be a execu confuse and economical option when air current farms are larger and further off from shore compared to AC links 1 . HVDC transmittal is associated with variable velocity air current turbines due to the ability to command the frequence of air current turbine grids and is independent of the power system frequence 11 .Reference 19 has stated the list of advantages of HVDC compared to HVAC, based on Reference 8 , which areIndependence of directing and having frequences every bit good as isolation of system from other webs.The distance of HVDC transmittal are unaffected by overseas telegram bear downing current.HVDC overseas telegrams are capable of higher transmittal capacity. index finger losingss on overseas telegram are low. go outlability of power flow.5.2 Wind Farm AC Grid ConfigurationThe simplest DC grid connexion for air current farms is by feeding the AC grid air current turbines into a power convertor and linking it to the AC grid utilizing HVDC links. The figure below illustrates this.Figure 5 Group connexion of a air current farm to an HVDC nexus 11 The benefits of this constellation is that sum of power convertors are lessened compared to DC grid constellation, but they supply reactive power to the air current farm, enabling it to defy grid mistakes 11 .5.3 Wind Farm DC Grid ConfigurationAn alternate method is to hold each turbines have their ain rectifier such as Figure 6.Figure 6 Individual connexion of air current turbines to HVDC links 11 Compared to AC grid constellation, DC grid enables control of frequence and velocity of each single turbines 11 . Reference 1 explains the working of an DC grid air current farm in more item.Figure 7 Example of DC grid 1 Mention ing to Figure 7, the electromotive force from the air current generators is first rectified, gathered and so transferred to an offshore platform where the electromotive force is stepped up well by a DC/DC convertor, or else the system will endure high losingss during transmittal 1 . Power is so transmitted through a District of Columbia overseas telegram, connected to an inverter onshore and finally fed into the grid.5.4 Line Commutated Control ( LCC ) HVDC utilizing ThyristorsLCC transmittal require commuting electromotive force which is conventionally supplied through a normal or a inactive ( STATCOM ) type synchronal compensator 19 . The advantages of LCC systems in seaward air current farms are 19 LCC transmittal can be used for high capacity power, making 1600MW nexus compared to VSC transmittals, which reach 300MW 17 .Over 30 old ages of development in LCC engineeringThe convertor station for an LCC system is twice the size in contrast to a VSC system due to the switch gears and breaker- switched AC harmonic filters necessitating much infinite.LCC systems have lower power losingss compared to VSC systems.5.5 Voltage Source Converter ( VSC ) HVDC utilizing IGBTsBesides conventional LCC transmittal, another engineering is the electromotive force beginning convertor ( VSC ) transmittal utilizing IGBTs. The electromotive forces beginning comes from capacitances 20 . The advantages of VSC transmittals used in air current farms are 19 VSC systems are self-commutating and external electromotive force beginning is non required for operation.Reactive power control does non necessitate switchable AC harmonic filters and is independent of active power control.The power reactive power flow is independently controlled, doing AC electromotive forces from each terminal controllable.5.6 HVDC and HVAC CombinationNot all offshore air current farms are built in it s wholly. They are normally built in stages. For such state of affairss, Reference 21 recommends transmission combination of HVAC and HVDC. Preliminary stages of building of air current farms can use AC connexion due to the initial little graduated table and subsequently utilizing HVDC connexion as the air current farm s scale expands 21 .Section SixDecisionOverview of offshore air current farms has been presented in this literature reappraisal. Different topologies and internal grid connexions are outlined. Furthermore, we have looked into applications of synchronal and initiation generators used in air current turbines and explored the difference between fixed velocity and variable velocity generators, which are indispensable in air current turbines in regard to generated end product power. Finally, a general sum-up of the transmittal methods for offshore wind farms were documented, traveling into specific AC transmittal drawbacks and the emerging tendency of HVDC transmittals.Based on the generalised apprehension of the air current farms, we aim to further analyze the jobs of its connexion, with respects to the air current farm s internal grid and AC transmittal to the chief grid. Comparisons between internal DC and AC grid of air current farms will besides be studied. Power flow surveies and simulations will be conducted and aimed at bring forthing new recommendations and solutions.MentionsC. Meyer, et al. , Control and Design of DC Grids for Offshore Wind Farms, Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 43, pp. 1475-1482, 2007.G. W. E. Council, Global Installed Wind Power Capacity ( MW ) Regional Distribution, 2008.M. Dicorato, et al. , Critical issues in big offshore air current farm design and operation, in Clean Electrical Power, 2009 International Conference on, 2009, pp. 471-478.M. Nandigam and S. K. Dhali, Optimal design of an offshore air current farm layout, in Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, 2008. SPEEDAM 2008. International Symposium on, 2008, pp. 1470-1474.J. Machowski, et al. , Power System Dynamics Stability and Control, Second Edition erectile dysfunction. John Wiley & A Sons, Ltd, 2008.J. Twidell, A Guide to crushed Wind Energy Conversion Systems Cambridge University Press, 1987.D. H. Anca, et al. , Grid support of a air current farm with active stall air current turbines and AC grid connexion, Wind Energy, vol. 9, pp. 341-359, 2006.N. M. Kirby, et al. , HVDC transmittal for big offshore air current farms, Power Engineering Journal, vol. 16, pp. 135-141, 2002.W.Grainger and N.Jenkins, Offshore Wind Farm Electrical Connection Options. L. Hui and C. Zhe, Design optimisation and rating of different air current generator systems, in Electrical Machines and Systems, 2008. ICEMS 2008. International Conference on, 2008, pp. 2396-2401.L. H. L. H. Hansen, F. Blaabjerg, E. Ritchie, S. Munk-Nielsen, H. Bindner, P. S & A oslash rensen, B. Bak-Jensen, Conceptual study of Generators and Power Electronics for Wind Turbines, 2001.S. Heier, Grid Integration of Wind En ergy Conversion Systems, Second erectile dysfunction. John Wiley & A Sons, Ltd, 2006.T. John Olav Gi & A aelig ver, Using power graphic symbol features of air current turbines for measuring impact on electromotive force quality, Wind Energy, vol. 5, pp. 37-52, 2002.T. John Olav Gi & A aelig ver, Grid Integration of Wind Farms, Wind Energy, vol. 6, pp. 281-295, 2003.P. scissure D. Wright, et al. , Transmission Options for Offshore Wind Farms in the United States, p. 12, 2002.ESS, Appendix 3-C, Transmission Issues for Offshore Wind Farms with Specific Application to Siting of the Proposed Cape Wind Project, Restrictions of Long Transmission Cables for Offshore Wind Farms 2003.S. Foster, et al. , Control of an LCC HVDC system for linking big offshore air current farms with particular consideration of grid mistake, Pittsburgh, PA, United provinces, 2008.T. Kenichi, et al. , New control for HVDC system connected to big windfarm, Electrical Engineering in Japan, vol. 1 66, pp. 31-39, 2009.L. Xu and B. R. Andersen, Grid connexion of big offshore air current farms utilizing HVDC, Wind Energy, vol. 9, pp. 371-382, 2006.E. Spahic and G. Balzer, Impact of the VSC HVDC Connection of self-aggrandizing Offshore Wind Farms on Power System Stability and Control, in Power Tech, 2007 IEEE Lausanne, 2007, pp. 207-212.E. Spahic and G. Balzer, Offshore air current farms VSC-based HVDC connexion, in Power Tech, 2005 IEEE Russia, 2005, pp. 1-6.

Media pays too much attention on famous people Essay

Television, newspapers and other media tackle many issues such as various national and international news, viz. sports, business issues and other events, as well as keep heap updated with news about famous people. However in my view, nowadays the media spends an inordinate fall of time reportage on famous people. With the remarkable development of media, the personal keep of a famous person is no longer personal. either day, there ar plenty of news reporters and journalists waiting outside the homes of famous people.They take pictures of the things they do, and the people they meet. Anything that seems strange or unusual and often the most cut-and-dry things too, would make the next days front page and headlines followed by all kinds of wild stories. Sometimes it is absurd and annoying, and has greatly disturbed the normal life of those people. Personally, I goatnot agree more with media paying too much attention to them. Some people say that it is actually fun to read about the reports on famous people. Mostly none of them are true, so why do people even bother reading them?Honestly, I must say that people are forgetting that every single human being in this world is just a person with feelings and do not deserve to be impelled into insanity and drug abuse- for instance, like young celebrities are. No matter where we stand because of our achievements, our luck or destiny, the truth is that we are all equals, competing each other in the great human race. A typical example of this issue is the untimely death of the beautiful princess known by all, Princess Diana. It was due to an accident while stressful to run away from the paparazzi following her and her boyfriend.This is proof that the excessive attention media pays on such personalities can even be fatal. It not only disturbs them, but can harm them in ways we cannot expect. After weighing up the pros and cons of this issue, I strongly believe that television and newspapers spend too much time repor ting on famous people. Media should stop this obsession, and focus on informing people more about important world events instead. Even celebrities and famous people are humans just like us they too have a right to live their personal lives in happiness and peace.

Expectancy Theory

The frontancy guess by Victor Bloom is establish on the believe that organizational employees act in a certain focusing based on the posture of an outcome and how attractive the outcome is to the somebody. The guess contains three main alliances and when all three ar deferral the desired behavior from the employee depart be achieved. These three kins argon motility- exercise (Expectant probability), work- recognise (Instrumentality probability) and remunerates- someoneal final stages ( valence).In the effort-performance relationship or antepast the employee mustiness believe that if they perform in a certain manner that they bequeath indeed increase their performance and thus make goals obtainable. In collection for the employee to very believe that increase effort give blend to increase performance they must believe that the cover is valid, that they impart the tools and resources to achieve the goal and that the goal is meaningful. The goal cant be without merit based on their knowledge of the job and their past start outs.The performance- pay relationship or orchestration hinges of the look that if the employee does work harder and does meet the performance goal that they will receive a reward or a greater reward comp ard to another(prenominal)s. The employee again requirements to go through trust in the reward system and the people who manage the accomplishes and reward systems. The reward process should be transparent and clean. The rewards-personal relationship or valency is the value that the employee sees in obtaining the goals. This will be variable because unalike things motivate people.Paid eon off motivate many, grantes and or pass raises motivate others. Some employees simply are satisfied with universe recognized and others seek promotion. The key element to the rewards-personal relationship is not that the employee is satisfied besides the satisfactions meet their enceinte level of satisfaction. ( foresig ht surmisal of Motivation, 2012) In the tasks given scenario at that place is plenty of demonstrate that the employees have little potency in the thought of working hard and producing more has any positive put on on them. This is an excellent scenario to apply the antepast theory.Based on the interviews of executive programy program As employee by supervisor Bs supervisor there is privation of trust that work is rewarded at all, fairly, and the current reward system is not worth the trouble. The asseveration that the bonuses are not enough to make a digression in their pay after deductions and the statements that you have to be expressive style underperforming to have a negative encumbrance on your pay and over performance has no positive effect on pay confirm this. These opinions are obviously based on past experience of working with the audio overlap company.Supervisor A obviously must have the same attitudes as the people he supervises being that his group is underpe rforming and supervisor B is the person concerned and asking the questions on how to better the situation. There is also a statement that about employees believed they did not have the dexterity to perform the unfermented process undermining the confidence in the saucy program. The company needfully to do several things utilizing the foreboding theory. First there needs to be confidence in the in the altogether program that it is meaningful and the goals are obtainable.First for the employees with the issue of dexterity, there needs to be some education and assistance provided to those employees to evaluate what they can do to make it easier to perform the job. Maybe additional tools or resources are necessary. This education and assistance could even be provided by the employees that are doing well and excelling in the new process. The company should strike out common individual(a) and team goals. The individual goals would motivate the employees and the team goals should motivate the supervisors. These goals need to be obtainable and enough of a challenge that the employee feels accomplishment when they meet them.There also should be habitue feedback about their performance. This addresses the expectancy part of the theory that if they work harder that it will increase their performance. Then to gain elicit in the rewards, there needs to be an overhaul of the reward system itself. There needs to be manikin in the rewards. A poll could be incorporaten of the employees and ask them what would be fair rewards for met goals. The employer could take the majority opinion of the poll and proffer the result as a reward or offer options of rewards either by individuals or by group.The rewards must be of value to the employee that is the bottom line. The company needs to have transparency in the new goal and reward program. That will make sure there is confidence and fairness in the reward program. Employees must see that the achievers are being rewarded while the underachievers are not. This tangible difference must be known and visible to reinforce that things are now different and effort is awarded. This aspect addresses the instrumentation relationship aspect of the expectancy theory.To accommodate those employees that are motivated by recognition, individual rewards that include company wide recognition should be established in addition to the fiscal or benefit rewards. Team recognition awards could also be established. This would create a little brotherly competition while providing openly displayed performance numbers which in turn provides positive feedback for increased performance. By making sure that the reward system has value and makes the employee desire to make the goal and want the reward addresses the valence relationship of the theory.By giving the employees the skills and tools necessary to obtain goals and to have the employees confidence that there is an open and fair reward mechanism is vital for successful motivation of the workforce. It is of ut most(prenominal) importance that the employee feels that their increased effort will increase performance and the increased performance will result in meaningful pass judgment rewards for them. Bibliography forecast Theory of Motivation. (2012, 11 4). Retrieved from Management Study Guide http//www. managementstudyguide. com/expectancy-theory-motivation. htm prevision TheoryExpectancy theory proposes that a person will decide to behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be. 1 In essence, the motivation of the behavior selection is determined by the pizzaz of the outcome. However, at the core of the theory is the cognitive process of how an individual processes the different motivational elements. This is d matchless in the introductory place making the ultimate choice.The outcome is not the sole determining factor in making the determination of how to behave. 1 Expectancy theory is about the mental processes regarding choice, or choosing. It explains the processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. In the study of organizational behavior, expectancy theory is a motivation theory first proposed by Victor Vroom of the Yale schooltime of Management. This theory emphasizes the needs for organizations to relate rewards directly to performance and to ensure that the rewards provided are those rewards deserved and wanted by the recipients. 2 Victor H.Vroom (1964) defines motivation as a process governing choices among alternative forms of voluntary activi draw pokers, a process controlled by the individual. The individual makes choices based on estimates of how well the expected results of a given behavior are going to match up with or eventually scarper to the desired results. Motivation is a product of the individuals expectancy that a certain effort will lead to the intende d performance, the orchestration of this performance to achieving a certain result, and the desirability of this result for the individual, known as valence. 3 Contents hide 1 origin 2 Key elements 2. 1 Expectancy move Performance (EP) 2. 2 Instrumentality Performance resultant (PO) 2. 3 Valence- V(R) 3 Current inquiry 3. 1 Management 3. 2 Computer Users 3. 3 Models of instructor Expectancy Effects 4 Criticisms 5 Related Theories 6 Notes 7 Further reading edit seed In 1964, Vroom developed the Expectancy theory through his study of the motivations behind decision making. His theory is relevant to the study of management. Currently, Vroom is a John G. Searle Professor of Organization and Management at the Yale University check of Management. 4 edit Key elements The Expectancy Theory of Motivation explains the behavioral process of why individuals choose one behavioral option over another. It also explains how they make decisions to achieve the end they value. Vroom introdu ces three variables within the expectancy theory which are valence (V), expectancy (E) and instrumentality (I). The three elements are important behind choosing one element over another because they are clearly defined effort-performance expectancy (EP expectancy), performance-outcome expectancy (PO expectancy). 5 Three components of Expectancy theory Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence 1. Expectancy Effort Performance (EP) 2. Instrumentality Performance Outcome (PO) 3. Valence- V(R) edit Expectancy Effort Performance (EP) Expectancy is the legal opinion that ones effort (E) will result in attainment of desired performance (P) goals. Usually based on an individuals past experience, self-confidence (self efficacy), and the perceived difficulty of the performance standard or goal.Factors associated with the individuals Expectancy perception are self efficacy, goal difficulty, and control. Self efficacy is the persons belief about their ability to successfully perform a partic ular behavior. Goal difficulty happens when goals are set too high or performance mentalitys that are made too difficult are most likely to lead to low expectancy perceptions. Control is ones perceived control over performance. In order for expectancy to be high, individuals must believe that they have some degree of control over the expected outcome. edit Instrumentality Performance Outcome (PO) Instrumentality is the belief that a person will receive a reward if the performance expectation is met. This reward may come in the form of a pay increase, promotion, recognition or sense of accomplishment. Instrumentality is low when the reward is the same for all performances given. Factors associated with the individuals instrumentality for outcomes are trust, control and policies. If individuals trust their superiors, they are more likely to believe their leaders promises.When there is a lack of trust in leadership, people often attempt to control the reward system. When individuals believe they have some kind of control over how, when, and why rewards are distributed, Instrumentality tends to increase. Formalized written policies impact the individuals instrumentality perceptions. Instrumentality is increased when formalized policies associates rewards to performance. edit Valence- V(R) Valence6 the value the individual places on the rewards based on their needs, goals, value and Sources of Motivation.Factors associated with the individuals valence for outcomes are values, needs, goals, preferences and Sources of Motivation Strength of an individuals preference for a particular outcome. The valence refers the value the individual personally places on the rewards. -1 0 +1 -1= avoiding the outcome 0= indifferent to the outcome +1=welcomes the outcome In order for the valence to be positive, the person must prefer attaining the outcome to not attaining it. Expectancy Theory of motivation can help managers understand how individuals make decisions regarding variou s behavioral alternatives.The object lesson below shows the direction of motivation, when behavior is energized Motivational Force (MF) = Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence When deciding among behavioral options, individuals select the option with the greatest amount of motivational force (MF). Expectancy and instrumentality are attitudes (cognitions) that represent an individuals perception of the likelihood that effort will lead to performance that will lead to the desired outcomes. These perceptions represent the individuals subjective reality, and may or may not boot out close resemblance to actual probabilities.These perceptions are tempered by the individuals experiences (learning theory), observations of others ( friendly learning theory), and self-perceptions. Valence is rooted in an individuals value system. One example of how this theory can be employ is connect to evaluating an employees job performance. Ones performance is a function of the multiplicative relatio nship in the midst of ones motivation and ability P=f (M*A) 1 Motivation can be expressed as M=f (V*E),7 or as a function of valence times expectancy.In laymans terms, this is how a good deal someone is invested in something along with how probable or achievable the individual believes the goal is. edit Current Research edit Management Victor Vrooms expectancy theory is one such management theory focused on motivation. According to Holdford and Lovelace-Elmore (2001, p. 8), Vroom asserts, intensity of work effort depends on the perception that an individuals effort will result in a desired outcome. Vroom suggests that for a person to be motivated, effort, performance and motivation must be linked (Droar, 2006, p. 2).Three factors direct the intensity of effort put forth by an individual, according to Vroom expectancy, instrumentality, and preferences (Holdford and Lovelace-Elmore, 2001). In order to enhance the performance-outcome tie, managers should use systems that tie rewards very closely to performance. Managers also need to ensure that the rewards provided are deserved and wanted by the recipients. 8 In order to improve the effort-performance tie, managers should engage in training to improve their capabilities and improve their belief that added effort will in fact lead to better performance. 8 Emphasizes self-interest in the alignment of rewards with employees wants. Emphasizes the connections among expected behaviors, rewards and organizational goals Expectancy Theory, though well known in work motivation literature, is not as familiar to scholars or practitioners outside that field. edit Computer Users Lori Baker-Eveleth and Robert Stone, University of Idaho, conducted an empirical study on 154 faculty members behavioral intentions/responses to use of new parcel.The antecedents with foregoing computer experience ease of the system, and administrator support for they are linked to behavioral intentions to use the software through self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. Self-efficacy and outcome expectancy impacts a persons effect and behavior separately. Self-efficacy is the belief a person has that they possess the skills and abilities to successfully accomplish something. Outcome expectancy is the belief a person has when they accomplish the task, a desired outcome is attained.Self-efficacy has a direct impact on outcome expectancy and has a larger effect than outcome expectancy. 9 Employees will accept technology if they believe the technology is a benefit to them. If an employee is mandated to use the technology, the employees will use it but may feel it is not useful. On the other hand, when an employee is not mandated, the employee may be influenced by other factors that it should be used. The self-efficacy theory can be applied to predicting and perceiving an employees belief for computer use (Bandura, 1986 Bates & Khasawneh, 2007).This theory associates an individuals cognitive state emotional behavioral outcomes (Staples, Hulland, & Higgins, 1998). Motivation, performance, and feelings of failure are examples of self-efficacy theory expectations. The following constructs of the self-efficacy theory that impact attitudes and intentions to perform past experience or mastery with the task, vicarious experience performing the task, emotional or physiological arousal regarding the task, and social persuasion to perform the task. edit Models of Teacher Expectancy Effects Jere Brophy and Thomas Good (1970, 1974) provided a comprehensive poser of how teacher expectations could influence childrens exploit. Their poser posits that teachers expectations indirectly affect childrens achievement teacher expectations could also affect educatee outcomes indirectly by leading to differential teacher treatment of schoolchilds that would condition student attitudes, expectations, and behavior (Brophy, 1983, p. 639). The model includes the following sequence.Teachers form differential expectations for stu dents early in the school year. Based on these expectations, they behave differently toward different students, and as a result of these behaviors the students begin to understand what the teacher expects from them. If students accept the teachers expectations and behavior toward them past they will be more likely to act in ways that confirm the teachers initial expectations. This process will ultimately affect student achievement so that teachers initial expectancies are confirmed. 10In discussing work cogitate to this model, Brophy (1983) made several important observations about teacher expectation effects. First and foremost, he argued that most of the beliefs teachers hold about student are accurate, and so their expectations usually reflect students actual performance levels. As a result, Brophy contended that selffulfilling prophecy effects have relatively weak effects on student achievement, changing achievement 5% to 10%, although he did note that such effects usually a re negative expectation effects rather than positive effects.Second, he pointed out that various situational and individual difference factors influence the terminus to which teacher expectations will act as self-fulfilling prophecies. For instance, Brophy stated that expectancy effects may be larger in the early elementary grades, because teachers have more one-on-one interactions with students then, as they attempt to socialize children into the student role. In the upper elementary grades more whole-class teaching methods are used, which may minimize expectation effects.Some evidence supports this claim expectancy effects in Rosenthal and Jacobsons (1968) study were strongest during the earlier grades. Raudenbushs (1984) meta-analysis of findings from different teacher expectancy studies in which expectancies were induced by giving teachers artificial information about childrens intelligence showed that expectancy effects were stronger in Grades 1 and 2 than in Grades 3 through Grade 6, especially when the information was given to teachers during the first few weeks of school.These findings are particularly relevant because they show a form of the expectancy theory and how teachers have certain expectations of students and how they treat the students differently because of those expectations. 10 edit Criticisms Some of the critics of the expectancy model were Graen (1969) Lawler (1971), Lawler and Porter (1967), and Porter and Lawler (1968). 11 Their criticisms of the theory were based upon the expectancy model being too simplistic in nature these critics started making adjustments to Vrooms model.Edward Lawler claims that the simplicity of expectancy theory is deceptive because it assumes that if an employer makes a reward, such as a financial bonus or promotion, enticing enough, employees will increase their productivity to obtain the reward. 12 However, this only works if the employees believe the reward is beneficial to their immediate needs. For examp le, a $2 increase in salary may not be desirable to an employee if the increase pushes her into a tax bracket in which she believes her net pay is actually reduced, which is actually impossible in the United States with marginal tax brackets.Similarly, a promotion that provides higher status but requires longer hours may be a deterrent to an employee who values evening and weekend time with his children. In addition to that, if anyone in the armed forces or security agencies is promoted, there is a must condition for such promotions, that they he/she will be transferred to other locations. In such cases, if the new place is far from their invariable residence, where their family is residing, they will not be motivated by such promotions, and the results will be other way round.Because, the outcome, which this reward (promotion) will yield, may not be valued by those who are receiving it. Lawlers new proposal for expectancy theory is not against Vrooms theory. Lawler argues that sin ce there have been a variety of developments of expectancy theory since its creation in 1964 the expectancy model needs to be updated. Lawlers new model is based on four claims. 13 First, whenever there are a number of outcomes, individuals will usually have a preference among those outcomes.Two, there is a belief on the part of that individual that their action(s) will achieve the outcome they desire. Three, any desired outcome was generated by the individuals behavior. Finally, the actions generated by the individual were generated by the preferred outcome and expectation of the individual. Instead of just looking at expectancy and instrumentality, W. F. Maloney and J. M. McFillen 13 constitute that expectancy theory could explain the motivation of those individuals who were employed by the construction industry. For nstance, they used worker expectancy and worker instrumentality. Worker expectancy is when supervisors create an equal match between the worker and their job. Worker instrumentality is when an employee knows that any increase in their performance leads to achieving their goal. In a chapter entitled On the Origins of Expectancy Theory published in Great Minds in Management by Ken G. Smith and Michael A. Hitt, Vroom himself hold with some of these criticisms and stated that he felt that the theory should be expanded to include research conducted since the sure publication of his book.

Global Mindset

Global Mindset Student Althea A. Tulloch emailprotected com Program Bachelors in Organizational Management Nyack College November 30, 2011 Introduction What does it mean to have a foundation-wide mind-set? . Advancements in technology, particularly the Internet for e-commerce, have led to world(prenominal)ization, where varied economies, societies and cultures of the world are integrated through a global network . It is the capability to operate a business within various cultures. Globalization has affected the world in many different ways including, Industry, Financial arkets, Economically and Diversity where respectively there has been an amplification of worldwide markets where countries now have better access to foreign products and raw materials for production and finished goods exportation, different economies of the world have better access to loans and an increase in job opportunities in underdeveloped countries thereby reducing poverty . It has increased the competit ion among different countries, and has opened the world to better communication and discernment among people. With the growth in globalization privates and organizations are forced to develop a lobal mindset to keep abreast of the times. Having a global mindset, to me, is having the ability to analyze, appreciate and utilize the beliefs, impost, behaviors and business practices of individuals and organizations from different parts of the world, to influence global success in the marketplace. It is incumbent that global leaders hone this skill as they require two business related and culture-related competencies to operate soundly on a global basis (Terrell, 2010, p. 2). There are five characteristics of an effective global leader, according to Goldsmith et al 2003) 1. thinking globally 2. appreciating cultural multifariousness 3. maturation technological savvy 4. building partnerships and alliances 5. sharing leadership. Without first acquiring a global mindset, a global l eader will not be as effective as he or she should be in the various cultural arena. These skills are all required in addition to those typically associated with general leadership which involves managing, strategizing and decision-making. Having a global mindset gives a global organization a militant advantage in the marketplace.Cultural intelligence (CQ) provides a research-based model for becoming a more effective leader in culturally diverse and cross- cultural settings and is the core of developing a global mindset . This is a necessary skillset for every manager who deals with diverse teams of employees and customers. According to Van Dyne et al (2009) CQ is a persons capability to understand and adapt effectively to new cultural contexts. Its structure is comprised of cognitive, motivational and behavioural elements. As CQ is relevant to the increasingly global and diverse workplace, it s a requirement in developing a global mindset. However, it is insufficient to rely on aw areness through experience and thought, to attain the exalted CQ necessary to become a superior global leader, responsible for managing multinational teams. According to Shapiro et al (2005, p. 14) familiarity of self is insufficient for high CQ because awareness does not guarantee flexibility . Flexibility of self-awareness is highly sought after as cultures are evolving, and reshaping ones outlook is necessary for a better understanding. Sowell (1994) states in dep repeal to culture that cultural competition is what dvances the human race, as there are transfers of cultural advances from one gathering to another. Culture affects decision-making, as well, and the required decision model needs to be determined on an individual nationality basis. According to Wilson (2010) some of the relevant categories to determine which model a nations culture locomote under are rational / classical making presumptions that each group member has common goals and croup reach desired conclus ions by identifying and assessing problems emotional exhibiting feelings like mood and verconfidence political / coalitional a behavioral office with emphasis on negotiation, cooperation, or often chaotic but works out in the end garbage female genitals appease the majority of stakeholders through consensus By understanding decision-making models which guide decisions more successfully, leaders are more effective and basin better influence problem solutions across cultures. What behaviors are necessary that allows a leader to develop a truly global mindset? A leader can develop a truly global mindset by learning from experience, whether this nvolves learning the language and customs of the countries within which he or she works, by participating in diverse meetings and communicating with a diverse group of business leaders or by living in or frequently tour global countries or by attending training programs or similar to the ones hold outed at the Thunderbird Institute. Dr. Man sour Javidans programs offer assessments and suggestions on improvement to achieve superior global leadership qualities. The programs focus on three concepts, or capitals 1. Intellectual Capital how much one knows about global industries and governments in ther parts of the world 2. mental Capital- which influences the emotions, and questions how willing a person is to put himself / herself in uncomfortable situations 3. Social Capital how able is mortal to build relationships with people from different countries An organization has a responsibility, as well, in developing the global mindset of the leader by communicating its strategic intent and interest of being a global company. It can excessively provide clarity on the kinds of skills needed for global executives. ConclusionAn organization that intends to expand globally must develop a global mindset if it is to recognize and capitalize on opportunities in the marketplace. cross-cultural training is imperative for organizat ions that expand globally. Managers need to get more involved with activities that are diverse in order to learn more about cultures and how we are similar or unique. The organization should have a foundation of openness and dedicate itself to becoming well informed on different cross-cultural issues, value and systems and different assumptions regarding reality.Additionally, it should accept diversity as natural (as the world gets closer through high technology), and also as a source of opportunity and strength. . References Goldsmith, M. , Greenberg, C. , Robertson, A. , & Hu-Chan, M. (2003). Global leadershipthe next generation. Financial Times apprentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ. Javidan, M. (2011). Global mindset. Macguire graduate school of Management. Shapiro, D. L. , Von Glinow M. A. Y. , Cheng, J. L. , & Hitt, M. A. (2005). Managing Multinational Teams global perspective. Advances in international management, 18(1).Elsevier Ltd San Diego, CA. Sowell, T. (1994). AWorld view. In Race and culture A worldview (pp. 1-31). Retrieved from http//www. tsowell. com/spcultur. html Terrell, S. (2010) How global Leaders develop a phenomenological think over of global leadership development. Retrieved from http//www. proquestllc. com Van Dyne, L. , Ang, S. , Livermore, D. (2009). Cultural intelligence a pathway for leading in a rapidly globalizing world. Ccl casebook-cq chapter. Wilson, J. H. (2010). Closing the deal influencing a decision in two cultures. Leadership Advance online. depicted object xx.

Concentration Camps

Concentration camps were constructed for mass killings. Digging deeper into the methods of murder they apply, at that places more to it than bollocks up chambers, star ad valorem taxion, and everyplacework. The medical experiments were a major factor in the massive death toll in the closeness camps. Today doctors strive to keep people healthy and alive.For Nazi doctors Joseph Mengele, Karl Clauberg, and Sigmund Rascherat, the ones responsible for countless deaths, that was non their number one priority. Nazi doctors in the concentration camps conducted inhumane experiments such as examining duplicate, sterilization of men and women, and the freeze of people.When prisoners arrived at the camps, they probably expected the worst. For the tally however, life in the camps wasnt as bad as it couldve been. jibe were allowed to keep their tomentum cerebri and sometimes their clothes (Remember.org, 4). Being a twin gave them a better materialize of surviving (Lifton, 351). Even t hough the experiments were cruel and barbarous, they offered an escape from the harsh camp (Lifton, 354).Twins lived in supererogatory buildings, such as the medical blocks. Unlike normal prisoners, twins were able to move freely passim camp. Within the blocks, the father of a set of twins would be assigned block chief (Lifton, 348). spic-and-span-made female twins were lucky in a panache since their mother was allowed to stay with them.The reasoning loafer this is, Joseph Mengele, the mad man behind these experiments, wanted them in stable mental and physical condition (Lifton, 349). No matter how healthy they were, nothing could prepare the twins for what was to come. The Nazis thought that twins were the key to discovering a elan to quickly increase the German race.Doctors hoped to uncover the secret to multiple births (Pbs.org, 3). In order to conduct experiments, Mengele required twins. He exploited easy access to twins at Auschwitz and was a fanatical figure in the se lection (Lifton, 348). In 1944, 250 individual twins arrived in Birkenau (Lifton, 349).The selection process began with Mengele shouting, Zwillinge heraus, which means twins in German. Once rounded up, they were each given a number sequence on their arm (Lifton, 348). identical twins were the ones Mengele wished for the most, as they were his most treasured inquiry objects (Lifton, 349).Although the experiments sound like Nazis tourtering prisoners without any medical knowledge, there was a method to the madness. Mengeles method was based off of scientific training, Nazi ideology, and the peculiarities at Auschwitzs setting (Lifton, 347). When twins were examined, they were examined together and naked (Lifton, 349-350). Measurements of all(prenominal) post of their body were taken (Remember,org, 4). individually session, ten cubic centimeters of squanderer were drawn and during the first examinations the family history of the twins was taken (Lifton, 350). Today we can look at an genuine experiment performed on a set of identical Hungarian twins. Selection began in 1943 when three sets of twins arrived at Auschwitz.Dr. Mengele saw the Hungarian set and as wellk them (Remember.org, 4). They were 18 year old men and described as actually handsome and athletic. Examination began right away with their heads, which took several days. Next photographs were taken to show hair growth. The most dangerous thing done to them while they were alive was being ventilated with gas.They coughed so severely, restraints were needed to hold them d stimulate. After the gas, they were placed into hot water up until the point of passing out and because all their hair was removed more photographs were taken. The Hungarian twins were killed the same way as every other set that made it to the end of the experiments.A syringe of chloroform was injected into their hearts. Mengele was very careful to work up sure the twins died at the exact same time. Once no longer alive, they w ere dissected and their variety meat were sent to the Institute of Biological Racial and Evolutionary Research Berlin (Remember. Org, 4). Dissection of the corpses was the last part of Mengeles twin research (Lifton, 350). These experiments were drastic. Of the 1,000 pairs experimented on, only 200 pairs survived (Pbs.org, 3).Sadly, this was not the end of cruel Nazi medical experiments sterilization of prisoners was also very important to the Germans. Sterilization surgery to make a person unable to produce offspring. The main tendency of sterilization was to discover a rapid, inexpensive, and unobtrusive method to wipe out Russians, Poles, Jews, and other races (Berenbaum, 347).Nazis hoped to sterilize millions with token(prenominal) time and effort (Pbs.org, 5). Even though a method already existed, surgical sterilization, doctors thought it was too slow and expensive. These experiments occurred in camps such as Auschwitz and Ravensbruck (Berenbaum, 247). There were mainly tw o doctors known for sterilization, Gebhardt and Clauberg. Gebhardt worked at Ravensbruck by the surgical method.The method Clauberg used was by an injection. Dr. Karl Clauberg conducted it on a large scale (Berenbaum, 348). He was the main man for sterilization (Lifton, 271). Although the doctors knew how they wanted to sterilize, a formula had to be developed. Since Dr. Clauberg was the head of these experiments, he developed his own formula, but he was very secretive about the substances he used.Researchers today assume he used formalin and novocain (Lifton, 271-272). Formalin is a clear watery solution of methanol used as a preservative. Novocain, also known as procaine, is a local anesthetic drug used as a sodium channel blocker. This impairs the conduction of sodium ions.This injection was done in three stages over a few months. Unfortunately, Clauberg used over 300 women over the course of his work (Lifton, 272). Not on the button women had to face the horrors of Dr. Clauberg , thousands of male Jews and Gypsies were sterilise at Auschwitz by injection. Later on, doctors discovered a brand new method, x rays.This way was effective, but castration would result. There were also dangers to other parts of the body if not covered by lead (Berenbaum, 348). Even though the Nazi doctors main goal was to sterilize, other issues occured. Thousands who were sterilized suffered excruciating mental and physical pain (Pbs.org, 5).Fever also overtook many victims. Some prisoners were very repelling but many feared what would happen if they were. Prisoners who resisted were sent to the gas chamber at Birkenau (Lifton, 272). Knowing each day what would be done to them by Clauberg caused them to be overcome with fear and anxiety (Lifton, 273).Of course sterilization was extremely painful and killed many people, but the freezing experiments were the most painful experiments the Nazis conducted. A problem Germany had during World warfare II was when their pilots in plane s had to eject into the ocean, they would die from hypothermia. Nazis number one goal was to discover a way to treat frozen German pilots (Pbs.org, 2).These experiments were designed to simulate conditions on the eastern front and were conducted for the Nazi broad(prenominal) command. Some camps had the perfect weather conditions Birkenau, Dachau, and Auschwitz (Remember.org, 2). Two methods used were an gelid vat of water and using the sub-zero temperatures outside.Each experiment was divided into two parts. The first part, Sigmund established how long it took for body temperature to lower to death. During the second part he tried to find the best way to revive the frozen person. Through tests, Sigmund figured the flash-frozen vat method was the quickest way to drop body temperature (Remember.org, 2).Before the prisoners were placed in the icy vat, they were either given an aviator suit or wore nothing at all. They were each in the vat for up to five hours at a time. Once their body temperature fell to 79.7 degrees fahrenheit, Sigmund would throw hot dormancy bags or use scalding baths to rewarm them (Pbs.org).The second method was conducted outdoors. Dr. Sigmund strapped prisoners to a stretcher and placed them outside. Auschwitz was one of the most precedent places for experiments outside because of the extreme winters. Eventually later on suffering in the cold for hours, most victims lost cognisance and died once their body temperature dropped (Remember.org, 2).Throughout the whole experiment, Dr. Sigmund was constantly measuring the changes in heart rate, body temperature, and muscles flexes (Pbs.org, 2). Although not many survived, there is a documented experiment done on two men. These men were twain from Russia and once at the camp they were both sent to the icy vat.A long time later being submerged in the vat, neither of the men were losing consciousness. Realizing not much was happening, Dr. Sigmund lowered the temperature. Shortly after this , both of them passed away. Everyone apart of this experiment were shocked at how long they lasted (Remember.org, 2).All in all, 80 to atomic number 6 people died due to these freezing experiments conducted in icy vats or in sub-zero temperatures (Pbs.org).Nazi doctors were ruthless and wouldve done anything for the touch on of science. No matter how many people they killed, they were determined to get rid of the Jews, Gypsies, and other races.Even examining wad of twins, attempting to sterilize millions of men and women, and pushing the human body to as cold as it could go. These medical experiments caused hundreds of deaths and gives the form of address doctor a dark background.