Hazardous Waste and Clean-up Costs Essay Example for Free

Hazardous Waste and Clean-up Costs EssayCERCLA was enacted, along with its sister rectitude RCRA which came before it, to deal with the environmental damage that was being caused by improper waste disposal. CERCLAs goals be to clean up old dump sites and discourage future illegal dumping. CERCLA imposes few direct regulatory obligations and is designed to force cleanups and allocate the cost of cleaning up via its liability and cleanup provisions. The basic principle is that the potentially responsible parties such as waste generators, transporters, and/or owners operators of facilities that atomic number 18 responsible for hazardous waste pollution should pay for its cleanup. through CERCLAs harsh liability scheme any company that illegally spills or dumps hazardous substances is liable for the clean-up whether or not the action was negligent. Also, through with(predicate) joint and some(prenominal) liability, each party that contributed waste to a site is responsible for its cleanup. So if Joe Blow is found liable for the clean-up of a site and happens to find any narrate that another company may incur contributed as well, Joe Blow can legally pursue them to pay their fair share of the clean-up be.A perfect congresswoman of this was the Girl Scout story told in our environmental law class where a Girl Scout cookie box was found in a site by a company that was fingered for clean-up. The company then tried to accuse the Girl Scouts organization of having to pay the cost of clean-up as well. Furthermore, through retroactive liability, all responsible parties have to clean-up the site even if the damage was done before the law was enacted. CERCLA has criteria for its two types of clean-up procedures which are removal and remedial.Removal actions are generally short term actions such as fencing off an area, studying the soil and removing the hazardous substances to remove the immediate threat from the site. Remedial actions are generally long ter m actions necessary to clean-up sites to meet final clean-up standards which may include removal or incineration of the contaminated soil to thin out the threat from the site. Through these liability clean-up provisions CERCLA strives to achieve its purpose.CERCLA was later amended in 1980 by SARA (Superfund Amendment Reauthorization Act), enacted to strengthen CERCLA by requiring that site cleanups be permanent and that they use treatments that significantly reduce the volume, toxicity, or mobility of hazardous pollutants. SARA not only increased the size of the Superfund but imposed more stringent requirements when it established more detailed clean-up standards, added new gag rule procedures, established mandatory schedules for federal facility compliance, and added provisions to expand the involvement of states and citizen groups in the decision making process.Some major criticisms of CERCLA are that it has been in impelling in cleaning up the nations hazardous waste sites, that it has wasted more money on transaction and litigation costs than on clean-up, and that it is below the belt to parties that contribute minimally but are liable for the total cost of the clean-up of a site. As for it being ineffective, my opinion is that it is effective because it could be much worse.Craig Collins, a professor of environmental law and the author of Toxic Loopholes Failures and Future Prospects for Environmental Law points out that the dramatic decline in midnight dumping since CERCLA became law reveals how effective this liability threat can be (p. 88). He also has shared within his classroom that mismanaged hazardous waste spills and dumps which used to be banal before CERCLA are rare these days. Has the Superfund been wasteful?Clearly you would think this if youre looking at the percentage of money that has gone into legal fees and litigation costs alone but according to Collins, Superfund has also funded aid for toxic terrorism and natural disasters such a s the World Trade Center collapse and the lay waste to Midwest floods of 1993 (p. 99). When looking at it from that lens I can see that it has been just as helpful in many areas as it may have been considered wasteful in others.Regarding unfairness to those who minimally contribute but face the total cost of clean-up, a provision of CERCLA, as addressed by SARA, swiftly settles the liability of those parties through de minimis settlements. Dont think I dont understand that just as CERCLA could be worse it could also be better. First of all, it could work a lot better if the people creating laws, such as CERCLA, were in reality more concerned about the environment than their powerful colleagues and received incentives.More specifically, if we continued to allow corporate taxes which supplied money for Superfund clean-ups (which Bush allowed to expire in 1995) we would have money to clean-up many of the orphaned sites that now go uncleaned. Furthermore, if CERCLA agonistic all com panies to use and help promote the zero waste approach, we could then prove that experiences such as the Love Canals, Times Beach Missouri, and Grand Bois actually did mean enough to all of us to do something more unified and serious about it.

A Professional Development Plan

A Professional arrivement PlanIn reflecting on my professional emergence, I consider that my skills and competencies have demonstrable solidly and that my level of responsibility has veritable to reflect this. Leading the return of the Neighbourhood Plan is a challenging task that has drawn on my skills crossways a actually broad clasp of areas. It has also however been a very rewarding area of work and one that I feel has significantly causeed my core spatial prep skills and lead volunteer a robust basis to further my professional development. I also believe that my inhabit at RDA and (name removed) City Council has enabled me to start to develop the wider generic skill set required of built environment professionals, subprogramicularly in terms of multidisciplinary on the job(p), negotiation and mediation, and leadership. This will provide a strong basis from which to develop my future(a) day career within the sector and effectively respond to change.STRENGTHSWe ll developed analytical and look skills ardent report writing/policy skillsBreadth of experience in spatial planning and regeneration through graphemes at ontogenesis Agency CouncilStrong interpersonal skillsWide range of professional contacts and networks through involvement in Regional Activities Committee and Young Planners EventsWEAKNESSESLimited knowledge of development control and the mechanism of planning inquiries, compulsory purchase powers etc.No direct line-management experienceNeed to develop skills in terms of managing conflict/difficult situationsOPPORTUNITIESUrban rebirth and current public policy commitment to building skills amongst built environment professionals e.g. Academy for Sustainable Communities, Regional Centres of Excellence, CABEEmergence of City Regions and development of associated organisations and bodiesWidening range of public sector special delivery bodies and regeneration agencies e.g. URCs, UDCs, RDAsMissing generation of planners could pr ovide opportunities for more rapid career progressionTHREATSImpact of Comprehensive outlay Review on regeneration spending and growth within the sectorImpact of review of land use planning/potential change of semi semipolitical direction under new Labour leadershipCompetition from recent increase in number of high calibre graduates completing accelerated RTPI-accredited master degrees.PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANPeriod September 2006 September 2008Date of next review March 2007WHERE AM I NOW?Current telephone line title and employer detailsSince 3 April 2006 I have been employed as Planning Officer (Planning Regeneration) at (name removed) City Council.Current job / roleMy trace area of work is the spue management of the production of a Neighbourhood Plan as a nonstatutory area planning document. The core tasks which the production of the Neighbourhood Plan involves arePreparation and agreement of the scope and approach to the production of the Neighbourhood PlanPreparation of a Baseline and Issues report direction and management of consultants to facilitate s concurholder and association engagement workshopsCoordination of both Officer convention and Advisory Group meetings Principal point of contact for community and stakeholder enquiries Preparation of the Neighbourhood Plan document and associated Sustainability Assessment and Consultation StatementLiaison with Elected Members andPreparation of formal reports to Planning Lead Member, Cabinet, and Council.Outside the project management of the production of the Neighbourhood Plan, my role also involvespreparing development briefs for rouge sites, and associated community and stakeholder engagementproviding policy advice in relevant preapplication discussions with developers relating to significant development sitesworking with partners to secure the implementation of plans and urban regeneration schemespreparing reports to Lead Member, Cabinet and Council to seek political endorsement where approp riate andproviding planning advice to colleagues and stakeholders across a range of disciplines including housing, property, neighbourhood management, education services, and landscape design.Current strengthsPolicy / report writing skills these were significantly developed through my work at RDA and will provide a strong basis to inform my production of policy documents and development briefs. See lumber book entry, p.xAnalytical and research skills these were also significantly developed through my work at RDA and have been critical in supporting my preparation of a Baseline and Issues report for the Neighbourhood Plan area. See log book entry, p.yProject management and collaborative working my project management of the Historic Towns and Cities study at RDA developed my project management skills in terms of managing the consultants and financial management. My skills in collaborative and multidisciplinary working were developed through liaising with the steering group and eng aging secernate partners and stakeholders. See log book entry, p.zCurrent areas for developmentEngaging and working with the local community due to the nature of my role at RDA this is not an area in which I had experience prior to working at (current employer). It will be important that I continue to develop skills in this area in order to effectively carry out the duties of my role. taking forward the Neighbourhood Plan process will be a key means of developing my skills in this area. See log book pages a, b and c.Knowledge of the development control / implementation side of planning this relates to developing my detailed knowledge across a range of key areas which could be termed the mechanism of planning. These include planning applications, appeals and inquiries, callins, development control and enforcement, and compulsory purchase powers. These are not areas in which I previously had experience given the nature of my role at RDA. They will however be important areas for d evelopment given the more local l implementation based nature of my role at (location removed).Developing skills in understanding and mediating political situations developing skills in political awareness and mediation will be important given the political nature of planning, and partnership working more generally. In terms of my role at (location removed), the areas which I will seek to strengthen include managing relationships with key partners and stakeholders, colleagues from separate sections within the Council, and Elected Members.WHERE AM I GOING?Long term goalsMy long term goal is to develop my career in the public sector. there are a wide range of reasons which underpin this commitment. These include the range of opportunities available, the breadth of work and the ability to make a difference and see actual results from your work, together with the supportive organisational culture and commitment to staff development and maintaining a positive worklife balance.My goal would be to work within planning/regeneration within a special delivery body as I believe this would offer the greatest potential for creativity and innovation. Within the vivacious organisational landscape, this could for example be within an Urban Regeneration Company. There are however likely to be other similar bodies emerging in the future as the organisational landscape changes.I believe that my experience to date within the RDA working on a strategic / policy based level, together with the more local level, implementationfocused experience I will get in my present role at (location removed) will put me in a good position to realise my goal by giving me a broad range of experience in planning and regeneration.Short term goalsI will develop my skills in terms of working with the local community and securing effective engagement in the planmaking process.I will develop my knowledge of the mechanics of planning, including planning applications, appeals and inquiries, callins, de velopment control and enforcement, and compulsory purchase powers.I will develop my skills of political awareness through managing relationships with key partners, stakeholders, colleagues from other sections within the Council and Elected Members.(continued on next page to allow for space for comments, right)HOW WILL I GET THERE? intent 1 Develop skills of community working and engagement.How will I get there?Liaise with the Consultation and Commissioning group and other colleagues to develop a best exert approach to community engagement as part of the production of the Neighbourhood Plan. First meeting December 06.Learn best practice techniques of facilitation from specialist consultants licensed to facilitate the Neighbourhood Plan workshops. Initial meeting set up for March 07.Continue to assist in the facilitation of relevant community engagement workshops and events at the Council. Workshops approaching in November and December 06.Continue to attend community facilitation wo rkshops through my volunteer role with regional Planning Aid (see examples in log book, pages d, e and f). Workshop event July 07.Attend relevant training events on community engagement techniques organised by the RTPI, Planning Aid, or the (location removed) Planners Training Group. Specifically, event on Engaging with Young People in February 07.Objective 2 Develop detailed knowledge of the mechanics of planning.How will I get there? sake with development control colleagues at (development regeneration services consultancy) in pre-application discussions with developers for scheme proposals for key sites. Meeting scheduled for October 06.Developing my working knowledge of the key development control principles, through familiarisation with the GDPO and planning legislation, and familiarisation with the Councils relevant draft and adopted Supplementary Planning Documents, including the Planning Obligations SPD, Housing SPD, Greenspace SPD, Design and Crime SPD, and the Nature con servation Biodiversity SPD. Have read and understood all documents by January 08.Relevant web-based research via Localaw and the DCLG and HMSO websites to develop my knowledge of relevant documents relating to the statutory procedures and legislative context.Involvement with colleagues from the Plans Group in relation to assisting in the preparation of case for appeals and call-ins. One-to-one arranged with (colleague) for November 06.Attendance at relevant planning inquiries to observe and learn from proceedings. Inquiry examining (details removed) due for January 07. halt updated of amendments to the statutory procedures through reading relevant articles in Planning, the Planning Matters website, and attending Planning Law update events. Ongoing review amendments/learning outcomes in April 07.Objective 3 Develop skills in terms of political awareness and relationship management.How will I get there?Co-ordination of the Neighbourhood Plan Officer Group and Advisory Group, which w ill develop my skills in relationship building with officers from across the Councils Directorates, in addition to Elected Members and community representatives. Meeting scheduled December 06.actively engage key external stakeholders in the production of the Neighbourhood Plan, including the (location removed) URC, the PCT and NHS Trust, (local area) Police, and key Registered Social Landlords.Continue to build my network of professional contacts through my role on the RTPI Regional Activities Committee and my involvement in the (regional) Young Planners Group and Planning Aid.Comments SummaryOverall this is a clear and comprehensive Professional Development Plan. The candidate has thought deeply about where he sees his career progressing, so while his short term goals are focused on improvements relating to his current role, this is part of a wider vision for the future. There is clear ownership of the PDP on reading it you understand the candidates strengths and weaknesses throug h the same themes being picked up and addressed in the SWOT, the strengths/weaknesses of the PDP, and future objectives. So while the short term goals might not directly and explicitly work towards the long term goals, it is easy to see how these goals/objectives have been arrived at. Although the rilievo of the APC submission is not shown here, the PDP is also clearly identifiable as belonging to this candidate, and it is therefore clear that it is a very personal account. References are make to sections of the log book, which help with this. The actions that are identified are a little vague the comments show how this has/could be improved by identifying more structured/ detail activities, and by introducing target time frames. The candidate does not rely solely on general activities in the workplace, but identifies some firm CPD activities that will very likely have to take place outside of the day-to-day employment e.g. structured reading/research with particular topics/docume nts in mind. Candidates should avoid relying solely on activities that will take place during day-to-day work to meet objectives undertaking an activity at work doesnt necessarily mean you will learn from it, and opportunities to take on certain work activities are often outside of your control.

History Of Internet Banking In Malaysia Information Technology Essay

History Of Internet Banking In Malaysia data Technology EssayIn early 2001 the bursting of the Internet bubble has created numerous assumptions that Internet supporters companies confound lost their opportunities. The Internet companies and Internet players submit been fighting for survival, and most of them have been simmer down experiencing losses. thither are motionless going discussions among practicing managers and academics in reaching a consent in their debate about this new applied science whether the Internet changes the basic way people do business or whether it is just an evolutionary process, offering simply a new distribution channel and communication medium (Moe and Fader, 2001).According to Brown (2001), the New Economy or e-commerce businesses are still at the early life stage. In spite of the collapse of dot.com stock prices in March 2001, Internet function and e-commerce continued to grow at a fast speed. According to eMarketer (2003), the US B2C e-commerce returns comparing to US$51 ace thousand million in 2001reached US$70 billion in 2002, i.e., a jump of 37%. It also forecasted that r until nowues of the e-commerce would incr reliever by 28% to US$90 billion by 2003 by 2004 would occur a nonher increase of 21% to US$109 billion and to US$133 billion, a further 22% increase, by 2005. The expected extensive growth of online purchases via the Internet willing give enormous chances to businesses in general, and Internet Banking (IB) in particular.In this cultivation the call IB and Online Banking (OB) are used interchangeably. IB/OB is different from Electronic Banking (e-banking) in that the latter is a higher aim activity that encompasses non only IB/OB, but also Mobile Banking, SMS Banking, ATM, WAP-banking and opposite electronic pay manpowert remainss that are not operated done the Internet. Our study will focus on IB, because it is considered as the most significant and most popular delivery channel for banking serve in the cyber age.Banks can benefit from much lower operating costs by offering IB operate, which require less staff and fewer physical branches. Customers will also benefit from the convenience, speed and round-the-clock availability of IB services.In order to be able to formulate better marketing strategies for increasing IB economic consumption in the future banks need to study the doers that influence customers intention to come IB so that banks. This study pay backs to examine the manneral intention of UUM students to use IB services with a focus on users perceptions of ease of use and usefulness of IB, and of security of using this new engine room to meet their banking needs. In Chapter 2, we provide a review article of the previous literature on innovation diffusion and technology toleration, based on which we propose a impersonate of customers intention to take for granted IB. We discuss the query methodology in Chapter 3.History of internet banking in MalaysiaOn Ju ne 1, 2000, the Bank Negara Malaysia let locally owned commercial banks offer Internet banking services. On June 15, 2000 the rootage bank to offer Internet banking services in Malaysia was Maybank, the largest domestic bank in terms of assets as well as network distribution which commands its own portal at www.maybank2U.com. Subsequently, internet banking services were offered by Hong Leong Bank, Southern Bank, Multi-Purpose Bank and etc. A review of the Malaysian banking sites in the Internet discovered that all domestic banks, which have been settled an anchor bank status by the BNM, have a web presence. This banking service is currently being provided to individual customers of the bank and the site boasts of the latest 128-bit encryption technology to dispel worries of security among bank customers. Internet banking service provided in the portal consists of banking enquiry functions, credit card payment, bill payment, accounts summary, and funds transfer as well as transacti on history. In the banks providing internet banking services customer support service is provided via e-mails as well as via telephone lines and it is available daily from morning to mid-night (source http//www.arraydev.com/commerce/JIBC/0103_01.htm).Problem StatementFrom reviewing related articles on the current topic, we can find evidence that although consumers have had an interest in advanced internet banking services and tended to have various financial sources or tools for property transactions they have not quickly changed their main propensity to use banking services or goods that they are already familiar with (Futurics 2001). For example, new electronic banking goods or services have not quickly substituted for traditional ones and non-online banking goods or services. Although various electronic banking services have emerged since the ATM was introduced 30 years ago, a fix of consumers still use checks as a primary source for money transactions, and banks still have a l ot of bricks and mortar branches in the market. According to the keep up of Consumer Finances in 2001, about 60% of household heads used checks as a primary source. Furthermore, the number of bank branches expanded from about 65,000 to about 73,000 from 1994 to 2003, even though the number of U.S banks fell from about 12,500 in 1994 to about 9,000 during the same period (Hirtle Metli, 2004). In spite of the emergence of a series of advanced electronic banking services, both consumers and banks still regard non-electronic banking as one of the essential sources for money transaction.However, in global terms the majority of private bankers are still not using internet-banking channel. There are multiple reasons for this. To start with, customers need to have an access to the internet in order to utilize the service. Furthermore, new online users need first to learn how to use the service (Mols et al., 1999). Second, nonusers often complain that internet banking has no social dimens ion, i.e. you are not served in the way you are in a face-to-face situation at a bank branch (Mattila et al., 2003). Third, customers have been afraid of security issues (Sathye, 1999 Hamlet and Strube, 2000 Howcroft et al., 2002).However, this study focuses in the adoption of internet banking services by customers in evidence of the students of Universiti Utara Malaysia. Our study aims to gain a deeper arrangement of the factors influencing the adoption of internet banking services by UUM students.Research questionsThe study intends to answer the imitateers questionsHow UUM students Attitude influence their heading to use IB?What relationship does the perceived rehearsefulness have with the UUM students Attitude and aim to use IB?What relationship does the comprehend Ease of exercise have with the UUM students Attitude and Intention to use IB?Is perceive sack up Security really a concern to UUM students who are using IB?Research ObjectivesThe main aim of this study to de termine the basic factors influence the usage of internet banking in UUM and to examine the factors that affect the adoption of internet banking. The specific objectives are as followTo investigate how UUM students Attitude influence their Intention to use IBTo examine the relationship of sensed Usefulness with the UUM students Attitude and Intention to use IBTo investigate the relationship of perceived Ease of Use with the UUM students Attitude and Intention to use IBTo investigate whether Perceived Web Security is a concern for the usage of internet banking.Significance of the meditateThe study will contribute in expanding the body of knowledge in the internet and technology adoption literature.It will provide academicians and interrogationers with an update on the usage and credence of internet in the banking sector.This research can contribute to an improved understanding of the factors related to users betrothal of new technology. In particularly, this study acts as an und erstanding of the Technology Acceptance mannequin (tam-o-shanter). Also, this research can stimulate the banks providing their services inside UUM Campus such as CIMB, Islamic Bank and Maybank to improve their internet banking services.In the particular perspective, this study is significant to offer useful information for bank management in creating IB marketing strategies. For marketing practitioners, the aim is to offer a holistic and in-depth overview of how customer forms, experience and exploit their satisfaction towards services that offered by the banks.This study contributes to the literature by formulating and validating TAM to predict IB adoption.CHAPTER TWOLiterature reviewAlthough in the past most of studies aim were to extent of understanding of user adoption of technology, few of these studies were conducted on IB services by extending the well-established Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). It is an appropriate time to study the user adoption of IB when the numbers o f global banking groups are rapidly offering and improving IB services on the rise (American Banker, 2002). two academics and banking executives will be interested in such a study. in particular, this study investigates the students perception on the adoption of internet banking for their private purpose. In separate words, our survey focused on UUM students purpose to use internet banking to handle their banking issues.2.1. Technology Acceptance ModelsDavis (1989) developed the Technology Acceptance Model, according to this model users adoption of calculator system depends on their behavioral intention to use, which in turn depends on attitude, consisting of two beliefs, namely Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness. In fact, Davis developed TAM by building upon an antecedent theory, the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) by Fishbein and Ajzen (1975). In TRA, Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) proposed that intention is the immediate determinant of the corresponding behavior, whic h is carve up into (1) attitude toward behavior, and (2) subjective norm concerning behavior. Davis posited d in TAM that the two theoretical constructs, Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use, are fundamental determinants of system use in an organization. These constructs also provide better government notes for predicting and explaining system use than other constructs (Davis, 1989).TAM has been widely used for predicting the acceptance and use of information systems, and recently has been applied to predict Internet adoption as well. In a recent study, Lederer et al. (2000) vary TAM to study world abundant Web (WWW) usage and found evidence to support TAM. Another study of applying TAM in the WWW context was conducted by Moon and Kim (2001). They introduced the construct facetiousness to predict Attitude. data were collected from 152 graduate students of management in Korea. Although the results of findings of test of TAM-related hypotheses showed that they were a ll supported, the results deviated from the basic belief of TAM that Perceived Usefulness is the key determinant of user acceptance of IT. The results of Moon and Kim (2001) revealed that Perceived Ease of Use has a more significant relationship with Attitude than Perceived Usefulness in the WWW context, and Perceived Playfulness (an intrinsic motivational factor) has a more positive effect on Attitude than Perceived Usefulness (an extrinsic motivational factor).2.2. Theoretical Model for IB betrothalIB is a new distribution channel for the delivery of banking services. From both academic and practical perspectives, it is interesting to understand and assess customers intention to use IB services. We have elect TAM as the baseline model for this study because it is a well-tested model concerning users acceptance of technology. We augment TAM with the construct Perceived Web Security. Specifically, we hypothesize that Intention to Use is influenced by Attitude, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Web Security. We will test the strength of the hypothesized relationships embedded in the theoretical model and the robustness of the model in predicting students intention to adopt IB in Universiti Utara Malaysia Campus.TAM has been used by various researchers to predict users intention to accept or adopt a variety of technologies and computer systems. The technologies include electronic mail, text editor, word processing systems, and graphics software (Davis, 1989 Davis et al., 1989), spreadsheets (Hendrickson et al., 1993), Database Management Systems (Szajna, 1994), voice-mail and word processors (Adams et al., 1992 Chin and Todd, 1995). We use TAM with the constructs Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use to assess the determinants of students Attitude and Intention to Use (equivalent to the construct Behavioral Intention in TAM). While we adopt the original TAM in this study, we use Behavioral Intention as the dependent shifting an d skip the construct Actual Usage. On the theoretical front, an abundance of research studies have reported a strong and significant causal relationship between behavioral intention and usage of technology or targeted behavior (Sheppard et al., 1988 Venkatesh and Morris, 2000). It is therefore theoretically justifiable to use Behavioral Intention as a dependent variable to examine the acceptance of IB (Mathieson, 1991). Agarwal and Prasad (1999) also argued that for a survey-based research design, Behavioral Intention is more appropriate than Actual Usage as they are measured contemporaneously with beliefs and our study is survey-based research. On the practical front, it is worth noting that IB is still at an early stage of development among UUM students. The percentage of usage is not relatively high. Therefore, the choice of Behavioral Intention, rather than Actual Usage, as the dependent variable is considered both appropriate and necessary.In addition, capital of Zimbabwe et a l. (2001) argue that feeling secure in doing transactions on the Web is often cited by users as a major factor that removes their concerns about the efficient use of the Internet for making online purchases. Therefore, we include the construct Perceived Web Security as a forecaster of Attitude and Intention to Use, as in the earlier study conducted by Salisbury et al. (2001). In their study, Salisbury et al. (2001) developed a set of four items to measure Perceived Web Security using a 7-point Likert scale. The results of their study showed that the three constructs, namely Perceived Web Security, Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness, have a positive relationship with intention to purchase online. However, we will include the construct Attitude in our theoretical model.CHAPTER THREEResearch MethodologyThere exists virtually no research examining UUM students behavioral intention to adopt IB services by extending TAM. To fill this gap, we will conduct a survey study for d ead reckoning testing using the framework of the original TAM as the foundation to determine the predictors of students Intention to use IB in UUM. To collect data, we will design a questionnaire by adapting the promoter and scales developed for TAM. We will augment TAM by adding the construct Perceived Web Security developed by Salisbury et al. (2001) and adapting their instrument and scale to measure this construct in our questionnaire.3.1. Sample SizeThis study aims to investigate the self-reported behaviors of students and their intention to use IB services for their private purposes in UUM. We will entreat respondents to return their completed questionnaires. We will collect data from UUM students who use internet banking. We will as to fill in the survey questionnaires to a sample of 250 haphazardly students selected from a total of over 25,000 students in UUM.3.2. Measurement of the ConstructsIn devising a useful measurement instrument for this study, we want to adapt an i nstrument and scales developed and validated in previous studies. We will base on TAM instrument, which has been replicated and widely used in other studies. In this study we use the adapted question items as the instrument to measure the respective constructs below, using a 7-point Likert scale for each item (with 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = slimly disagree, 4 = neutral, 5 = slightly agree, 6 = agree, and 7 = strongly agree). The constructs are defined in the followingPerceived Ease of Use (PEOU) defined by Davis (1989) as the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance his job performance.Perceived Usefulness (PU) defined by Davis (1989) as the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would be free of effort.Perceived Web Security (PWS) defined by Salisbury et al. (2001) as the extent to which one believes that the World Wide Web is secure for transmitting sensitive information. It is also noted that the a doption of purchasing products on the World Wide Web may involve a greater degree of risk than the adoption of other IT innovations. When one purchases products online, there may be a perception of risk involved in transmitting sensitive information such as credit card numbers across the World Wide Web.Attitude (ATT) refers to an individuals positive or negative feelings (evaluative affect) about performing a particular behavior (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975).Intention to Use (INT) refers to customers intention to use, as opposed to their factual use of, IB services.3.3. Survey QuestionnaireBased on the hypothesized model developed through a detailed review of the related literature on user acceptance of technology and new technology diffusion, we will devise a questionnaire as a measurement scale for the research. The questionnaire will be developed in English. We will try to make the questionnaire readable and ensure its accuracy and appropriateness. A factor compend will be perfo rmed on the data collected from the pilot study.CHAPTER tetradFINDINGS hit 85 research questionnaires were distributed to and collected from the respondents in the library building of Universiti Utara Malaysia. The sample period consists of 3 weeks from August 22 to September 12, 2010. Factor analysis was done by using SPSS with the data collected by distributing questionnaires.4.1. Respondents Demographic CharacteristicsThe analysis of the statistics of the demographic characteristics of the respondents is presented in evade 1. Of the 85 respondents, 47.1% were female and 52.9% male 37.6% were in the 21-25 age group, 41.2% were 26-30 in age, and 20% were 31-40 in age. As the research was done among master students, any respondent was not under the age of 20, and only one of them was over 40.Table 1Demographics of respondentsDemographic profileFrequencyPercentage (%)GenderFFemale4047.1MMale4552.9Total85100.0AgeAUnder 2000B21-253237.6C26-303541.2D31-401720.0E every cast 4011.285100 .0Rogers (1983) has found the characteristics of innovation adopters as having high levels of education, and social status as well as income. Moreover, Gefen (1997) and Teo Lim (2000) by testing the grammatical gender differences which affect the awareness of e-mail and the Internet usage, found similar results with Rogers (1983).4.2. Factor outlineUsing SPSS we conducted our exploratory factor analysis on our survey data. Table 2 presents the rotated factor matrix which is a result from independent variables Varimax rotated principal axis factor extraction. The 1.0 eigenvalue cut-off criterion was used for the independent variables factor extraction. The table points out that five factors which are the variables used for our research emerged and reports their factor loadings.For evaluation of the Cronbachs alpha we tested the data using the SPSS Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), where the Cronbachs alpha ranged from 0.896 to 0.914. To ensure convergent asperity and item reliab ility we evaluated each of the items individually. All factor loadings except for b7, b10 and b15 (0.478 0.424 and 0.486, respectively) were larger than 0.5, which characterize an acceptable significant level of internal validity. The factor loadings vary from 0.554 to 0.744 for Perceived Ease of Use, 0.478 to 0.686 for Perceived Usefulness, 0.424 to 0.642 for Perceived Web Security, 0.486 to 0.536 for Attitude, and 0.539 to 0.621 for Intention to Use. All 19 questionnaire items were held on to further analysis, because all factor loadings were found to be of an acceptable significant level.Table 2Reliability and factor analysis (from SPSS analysis)ReliabilityFactor loadingCronbach alphaVarianceexplained (%)Perceived Ease of Use0.91176.920B/b1-Using the Internet Banking (IB) service is easy for me0.9250.594B/b2-I find my interaction with the IB services clear and understandable0.9290.613B/b3-It is easy for me to have skillful in the use of the IB services0.9250.554B/b4-Overall, I f ind the use of the IB services easy0.9270.744Perceived Usefulness (PU)0.9147.979B/b5-Using the IB would enable me to set up my tasks more quickly0.9290.522B/b6-Using the IB would make it easier for me to carry out my tasks0.9250.603B/b7-I would find the IB useful0.9270.478B/b8-Overall, I would find using the IB to be expedient0.9260.686Perceived Web Security (PWS)0.8967.075B/b9-I would feel secure sending sensitive information across the IB0.9260.575B/b10-The IB is a secure means through which to send sensitive information0.9270.424B/b11-I would feel totally safe providing sensitive information about myself over the IB0.9240.642B/b12-Overall, the IB is a safe place to transmit sensitive information0.9250.639Attitude (ATT)0.9074.772B/b13-Using the IB is a good idea0.9270.536B/b14-I would feel that using the IB is pleasant0.9280.502B/b15-In my opinion, it would be desirable to use the IB0.9280.486B/b16-In my view, using the IB is a wise idea0.9270.508Intention to Use (IU)0.9063.254 B/b17-I would use the IB for my banking needs0.9250.621B/b18-Using the IB for handling my banking transactions is something I would do0.9260.551B/b19-I would see myself using the IB for handling my banking transactions0.9260.5394.3. Reliability testFor reliability tests, the Cronbachs alpha ranged from 0.925 to 0.929 for both Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness, from 0.924 to 0.927 for Perceived Web Security, while it ranged from 0.927 to 0.928 for Attitude and from 0.925 to 0.926 for Intention to Use.Correlation analyses of variables show that estimation ranges from 0.620 to 0.778 with significant P for all variables as shown in Table 3. Perceived Ease of Use has a direct impact on Perceived Usefulness with 0.000 significant level. Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Web Security significantly impacts on Attitude at the 0.000 level. Consequently, Attitude, Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Web Security significantly effect Intention to Use.Table 3C orrelation of variablesEstimatePPUPEOU0.683**0.000ATPU0.680**0.000ATPEOU0.620**0.000ATPWS0.778**0.000IUATT0.768**0.000IUPU0.642**0.000IUPWS0.735**0.000**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).CHAPTER FIVECONCLUSIONS5.1 LimitationsSince our research was performed with time limitation, as with other crossectional studies, it is not without limitations. A wider study for more fully investigation of the pre-launch stage, the promotion stage and the post-launch stage of IB would surely be an important donation to the IB literature in the future.Our research only covers Web security construction. Future research might concentrate on security and privacy separately, as the latter is arousing rising concentration in the Web literature (Jarvenpaa and Todd, 1997). Moreover, the measurement instrument for Web security could be further developed to increase its validity in future studies.Our research was carried out in Universiti Utara Malaysia among international master stud ents only. It may not represent all the students of UUM, as well as other territories and people.5.2 ConclusionsThe findings of our empirical study support the theoretical model implementing TAM and the put up Perceived Web Security. From the results of our study Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Web Security are supported as predicting variables, which have an effect on intervening variables, Perceived Usefulness and Attitude, and the dependent variable Intention to Use IB. Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Web Security as well as Perceived Ease of Use directly effect Intention to Use.Perceived Web Security effects on Intention to Use directly, rather than passing through Attitude which is the intervening variable. It is consistent with the findings of empirical studies provided earlier (Salisbury et al., 2001).ReferenceAdams, D.A., Nelson, R.R. and Todd, P.A., 1992. Perceived usefulness, ease of use, and usage of information technology a replication, MIS Quarterly, 16, 227-247. Agarwal, R., and Prasad, J., 1999. Are individual differences germane to the acceptance of new information technologies? Decision Sciences, 30, 361-391.American Banker, In brief fast growth for small-biz web banking, American Banker 167 (20) (2002).Brown R.D., E-commerce customer service success factors, Futurics 25 (2001) 18-30.Chin, W.W. and Todd, P.A., 1995. On the use, usefulness, and ease of use of structural equation modeling in MIS research a note of caution. MIS Quarterly, 19, 237-246.Davis, F. D., 1989. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13, 319-336.Davis F.D., Bagozzi R.P. and Warshaw P.R., 1989. User acceptance of computer technology a comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35, 982-1003.eMarketer, The US B2C Review, 2003, http//www.emarketer.com/estats/081699_data.html http//www.emarketer.com/products/report.php?eglobal (retrieved on 29 August 2003).Fishbein, M.A. and Ajzen, I., 19 75. Belief, Intention and Behavior An introduction to Theory and Research. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.Gefen, D., Karahanna, E. and Straub, D. W., 2003. self-assurance and TAM in online shopping an integrated model. MIS Quarterly, 27, 51-90.Hamlet, C. and Strube, M. (2000), Community banks go online, ABA Banking Journals 2000 White Paper/Banking on the Internet, March, pp. 61-5.Hendrickson, A.R., Massey, P.D. and Cronan, T.P., 1993. On the test-retest reliability of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use scales. MIS Quarterly, 17, 227-230.Hirtle, Beverly J. and Christopher Metli. The Evolution of U.S. Bank Branch Networks Growth, Consolidation, and Strategy, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Current Issues in Economic and Finance, July 2004, 10(8).Howcroft, B., Hamilton, R. and Hewer, P. (2002), Consumer attitude and the usage and adoption of home-based banking in the United Kingdom, The International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 111-21.Jarvenpaa , S.L. and Todd, P.A., 1997. Consumer reactions to electronic shopping on the World Wide Web. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 1, 59-88.Lederer A.L., D.J. Maupin, M.P. Sena, Y.L. Zhuang, 2000. The technology acceptance model and the world wide web, Decision Support Systems 29, 269-282.Mathieson, K., 1991. Predicting user intention comparing the technology acceptance model with the theory of planned behavior. Information Systems Research, 2, 173-191Mattila, M., Karjaluoto, H. and Pento, T. (2003), Internet banking adoption among mature customers early majority or laggards, Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 514-26.Moe, W.W. and Fader, P.S., 2001. Uncovering patterns in cybershopping. California Management Review, 43, 106-117.Mols, N.P., Bukh, P.N.D. and Nielsen, J.F. (1999), scattering channel strategies in Danish retail banking, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 37-47.Moon, J.W. and Kim, Y.G., 2001. Extending th e TAM for a World-Wide-Web context. Information and Management, 38, 217-230.Rogers, E.M., 1995. Diffusion of Innovations, quaternate Edition. The Free Press, New York.Salisbury, W.D., Pearson, R.A., Pearson, A.W. and Miller D.W., 2001, Perceived security and World Wide Web purchase intention. Industrial Management Data Systems, 101, 165-176.Sathye, M., 1999. Adoption of Internet Banking by Australian consumers an empirical investigation. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 17, 324-334.Sheppard, B.H., Hartwick, J., and Warshaw, P.R., 1988. The theory of reasoned action a meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research. Journal of Consumer Research, 6, 144-176.Szajna, B., 1994. Software evaluation and choice predictive validation of the technology acceptance instrument. MIS Quarterly, 18, 319-324.Teo, T.S.H., Lim, V.K.G. and Lai, R.Y.C. (1999), Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in Internet usage, Omega, International Journal of Managem ent Science, Vol. 27, pp. 25-37.Venkatesh, V. and Morris, M.G., 2000. Why dont men ever stop to ask for directions? Gender, social influence, and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior. MIS Quarterly, 24, 115-139.

What Is Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay

What Is kind Health Health And Social Care EssayIn view of the strict confidentiality requirements for patient records, particularly in cases involving psychogenic tumesceness and illness, both psychical wellness patients and the general public were assured in accordance with the nursing and midwifery council code of conduct (NMC 2008), to appreciate and observe genial patients rights to confidentiality. Furthermore any information obtained about them as part of this interrogation was not shared or disclosed with/ to any triad party without their ultimate permission been given ( mental wellness and learning disabilities 1998).WHAT IS genial HEALTHThere redeem been so many attempts by writers and authors to define what psychical health is? So many different definitions have been given and for the purposes of this research only dickens of them were mentioned. According to The World Health Organisation (2001) health is the landed estate of macrocosm complete intellectually , emotionally, mixerly, physically, psychologically fit and not just a mere absence of sickness. further Keyes (2002) pointed out that mental health does not continue to a single instance of an individuals state of mind, but rather, it covers a broad spectrum and describes a collective sequence of behaviour over time. It may be principally explained and the argument is that diverse bodies, environments and settings use dissimilar means of conceptualizing the term. In other words what constitutes mental health in one profession or partnership might not necessarily mean the same in another. It could be classified as the disturbing toughness which allows individuals to take pleasure in their manhood and endure pain, distress and effect which can as vigorous as be said to be a good signal for individuals affaires and a complete idea in our somebodyal, and others (Weare 2000). In some cases stating what mental health is? can include a broad scope of capacities which emphasise s our potential in growth, change and besides social nature (Department of Health 1995a) There are a many of mental health situations that could result to a disability, such as nervousness, sadness, as well as schizophrenia (web 1). In a report issued by the World Health Organisation (2003) it indicated how secretive and covered the shame and favouritism associated with mental health have been and emphasised the need to uncover and bring to the public domain. The extent of agony and challenge with regards to disability and spending for hoi polloi, relatives and communities are overwhelming. The world has now recognize in the last few years the huge trouble and the probable danger associated with the illness.The discovery here indicated astonishing figures all over the world on the epidemic with it seriousness been sometimes overlooked. Surprisingly more than 450 million individuals go through mental or disorders in behaviour. Almost one million individuals do kill themselves eac h year and due to neuropsychiatric disorders (depression, alcohol-consumption disorders, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder), four of the six leading grows of years lived with disability. Mental disorder can at least be open up in every four families and relatives are normally the main care providers for persons with mental health problems. The tier of the challenge on relatives as a result of the complications to measure and as a result often uncared for. Nevertheless, the considerable effect on their relatives quality of life has always been negative. plurality affected by mental illness incur both social costs and mental health costs and is victims of discrimination, human rights abuse, stigmatisation and both essential and external dejection (WHO 2003).WHAT IS MENTAL ILLNESSThis is where the functioning of the mind becomes affected due to the series of signs and experiences of conditions, such as phobias, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, mania and substance misuse disord ers (Carol and ash tree 2004, health welfare 1998, Trent 1999, Tudor 1996). Due to how rampant and common mental illnesses have become in recent years, in the course of an average persons life, it is accomplishable that they will either develop a mental health problem themselves, or have close contact with someone who does (Kitchener and Jorm 2002). In a research conducted in Scotland, it concluded that one in every four adults will experience mental health problems at some stage in their lives (Scottish association for Mental Health (2003a). Weiss et al (2001) advocated that mental illnesses have been stigmatized in several nations and cultures. Current findings have proved the attempt in some countries to minimise the degree of stigmatisation through scientific prelude and educational efforts (Rahman et al 1998). But notwithstanding these efforts, the disgrace and panic attached to mental illness remains a considerable barrier to finding functionance to identify and to treat. The association of stigmatization on mental illness has caused disparities, as mate to other forms of illnesses, and its further assault human rights abuse regarding people having these disorders. nonetheless though mental health and mental illness are not the same but they are inter- associate and so sometimes used interchangeably (World Health Organization 2003). Mental health is how individuals think, feel, and behave as they cope with daily life. It assists in deciding how people cope with stress, relate to others, and make choices. On the other hand, Mental illness is a collective term for a broad range of mental disorders and the mental disorders are medical conditions that disrupt how a person thinks, feels, and/ or behave, resulting in distress and/or impaired functioning (Austin 2010).CHALLENGES OF MENTAL HEALTH PATIENTS WELLBEINGPatients with mental disabilities have problems and the range of the challenges encountered in their everyday life are numerous and involves f or example reactions to adjustments (external situations normal responses) either short or longer-term disability connected to signs of desperation and nervousness (and psychiatrically linked with diagnoses such as gloominess, but may be generally constructed) bipolar disorder, schizophrenia (with a obvious genetics root, more exactly clear by its signs but also with important the general public meaning and penalty). There may be coexist between each other, and also with problems linked to the drinking of alcohol or drugs, and with problems ensuing from complications traits and personality types (The Royal College of General Practitioners 2007). The case study below attempted to explain Ms. Catherine who suffers from postpartum depression. fount SENARIO Ms Catherine suffers from postpartum depressionBrief Descriptionpostpartum depression is a type of depression that happens to women after they give birth and they are of two different categories which are postpartum or maternity b lues, a calm frame of mind problem of minimum period and postpartum chief depression, a painful and plausibly life damaging illness of a longer duration. The Postpartum blues affect between 50%-80% of new mothers after grasp and symptoms are normally begin from 3 to 4 days after delivery, getting worse by days 5 upwards, and may be likely to leave the mother away by the 12 day. The new mother could have atmosphere swings with period of feeling weeping, irritable, interspersed and nervous or with situations of feeling well and she may have difficulty sleeping. If the signs continue more than 2 weeks, it is essential to look for medical assistance (Moline et al 2001). On the other hand, the starting of Postpartum major depression could be at any period in the initial periods after given birth and is extreme intense than postpartum blues. It is the changes in the brain chemistry that causes it and lead to mood disorder a genetic illness which does not happen by the fault of the mothe rs or the consequence of a weak or unsound personality. Medically there are professional treatments since it is treatable and curable. The postpartum depression has major symptoms such as dejected atmosphere passim the day, almost every time, for not less than 2 weeks and leading to loss of activities that were interesting or enjoying before. Other signs involve tiredness, feeling fidgety or slowed losing, a common sense guilt or insignificance, complicatedness in concentration, sleeplessness, and persistent belief of death or suicide (Moline et al 2001).Detailed Analysis- Ms Catherines storyMs Catherine story started one day when she came home from the hospital with her beautiful baby daughter after delivery, but her world began to fall apart. She was work stoppage by intense nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dehydration, and fainting. Breast feeding her baby became out of question. Every time she held her baby to her breast, she needed to quickly lay her back down so she could run to the bathroom. In the course of the first 3 months of her daughters life, she was hospitalized twice, removed from her children including the newly born. She was completely changed from a very strong, vibrant, healthy and physically active person to something else, futile to carry out even the simplest daily responsibilities. She became devastated and a failure as a mom and couldnt even get out of bed where she even precious to die. During her second hospital stay, a nurse gently suggested that she might have postpartum depression but was stunned. How could the horrible gastrointestinal symptoms she was experiencing be caused by depression? She however understood how she could be depressed because of the sickness she was suffering from, but not the other way around. And she had never heard of postpartum depression. But she took the suggestion to heart and quickly sought a diagnosis information, and help. In the process started taking an antidepressant and also immediately began see ing a psychologist for therapy. Ms Catherine showed sign of recovery but has always wanted someone around her to assist her in her daily routine duties.My Encounter with Ms CatherineI found it difficult in interacting with and responding to Ms Catherine initially because little did I know about mothers suffering from postpartum depression after given birth. But later on on I realised that it is a common mental illness problem that affect most women after child birth. Immediately afterwards my military position and behaviour towards her changed and begin to interact with her freely. The instance recognition of Ms Catherine ill health changed my thoughts, attitude, belief and perception of people with mental disability and the need to assist them to cope with their everyday life. Ms Catherine behavioural practices are sometimes strange than normal with her consistence ineffectiveness couple with her cold attitude and responsiveness regarding what ought to be routinely practices. It is therefore imperative that patients with mental disability are treated and dealt with according to their specific circumstances since this helps in addressing their individual concerns effectively. One of the weaknesses I have was to getting closer to people who suffer from mental related illnesses but I now come to realise that my fear of not wanting to approach people with mental disability because of how they can be aggressive sometimes has changed drastically. As a consequence I have now been able to retrace on my strengths in terms of always given a helping hand to patients and more on to people whose mental wellbeing has been challenged.ENGAGING WITH AND ASSISTING MENTAL HEALTH PATIENTSThe responsibility of assisting, caring and engaging people with mental health disabilities and challenges does not rest with or depend on only one person but rather on every single individual, the society as well as organisations. As depicted in the figure 1 below, the interest and the desir e to demonstrate the willingness to help manage the challenges of the mental health patients wellbeing cat across every angle and borders.MEDIAFAMILIESINDIVIDUALSCOMMUNITIESGOVERNMENTSMENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALSFOUNDATIONSNGOsPOLICY MAKERS hole-and-corner(a) SECTORFigure 1 A diagrammatical representation of different identifiable individuals and groups who are to assist in mental health patients wellbeing challenges. artificial lake Adapted from World Health Organization 2003But for the purposes of this study the concentration was narrowed down to the role of different health and social care professionals in mental health advance. Their roles are numerous involving supporting them to keep on with their medication as this will guard against the harmful effects that can cause further breakdowns, try to minimise additional pressure by supporting them to amend to the effects of the illness. Also work with their relatives and the community to support the patient, support them to riddle out any difficulties they may face that are causing them stress. Assisting them again to stay away from becoming annoyed or violent of them and avoid being too protective and not to treat them like children (Mental Health Training n. d). The National Mental Health Act of 1946 acknowledged psychiatric nursing as one of four core areas for the provision of psychiatric care and treatment, along with psychiatry, psychology and social work. Since Nurses played an important role in the treatment of increase demand for psychiatric services resulting from mental health issues in order to meet the rising demands (Bigbee and Amidi-Nouri 2000). As a mental health nurse I may see patients who are living in the society, normally in the patients own home or in a clinical based. As a nurse providing support to mental health patients through difficult periods of their illness is significant. I will see patients who are currently well to ensure everything is going on well with them and be the first point of contact if the patients begin to experience any unusual signs of additional ill conditions. I will also be helping patients with their medication and make sure that the patient understands what they should be taking and when, since that is very important at this stage of their lives. I will provide information to the patients immediate family on the need to understand and cope with their relatives ill condition (s) and not to neglect or reject them. I may also be involved in cases where the patients transition from hospital back into the community is carried out (Web 2). Within the continuum of mental health interventions, prevention and promotion have become practical and proofing based, backed by a fast increasing body of knowledge from areas as divergent as developmental psychopathology, psychobiology prevention, and health promotion sciences (WHO, 2002). Rutz et al (1992) indicated how the preventive measures and promoting architectural planmes have also been shown to result in substantial cost-effective savings to the public since that stops any occurrences of any mental illness. The mental health professionals have different identifiable roles in the promotion of quality mental health. The World health organisation declared and has set asunder a day in the whole world as the world mental health day after recognising the need to promote good mental practices. WHO indicated that the process of assisting mental health patients and the general public to gain increase awareness and control over their own health and better it is essentially outlay noting (WHO 1986). As shown in figure 1 above these health and social care professionals are all involve in the daily promotion and sensitizing of the challenge. The practices of improving the quality standard of life and the possible good living are interlinked, rather than only an amelioration of symptoms (Secker 1998). Psychosocial issues persuade a number of health behaviours (e.g. proper diet, adeq uate exercise, and avoiding cigarettes, drugs, excessive alcohol and risky sexual practices) that have a wide-ranging negative effect on the domain of health (WHO 2002).The dodge to improve upon my information technology (IT) strengths will be done through the consistent usage of the IT. With particular attention given to the micro soft stick out to improve on my numerical strength with the engagement of an IT professional for additional tuition. My literacy strengths will be enhanced by the regular practice of using the micro soft word with the selling options becoming the dominant material for improvement.CONCLUSIONIt however became evidenced that mental health illnesses pose a serious little terror and damage to our daily lives. It is no doubt mental illnesses are of different kinds and levels of severity. Some of the major types discovered included depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar mood disorder, personality disorders, and feeding disorders. But the main frequent me ntal illnesses are anxiety and depressive disorders and so it was not surprising when the case study above was on postpartum depression. Even though most people go through feelings of strong tension, panic, or depression sometimes, but a mental illness is observe only when these symptoms human action out to be so worrying and devastating that individuals experience immense complicatedness enjoying their normal routine activities, for example work, enjoying relaxation time, and maintaining associations. More attention ask to be devoted to the sickness since failure to over look its existence could result to a potential disaster and further deaths. The decision by the world health organisation to declare a day as world mental health day is important and must be observe by all but having regard to the enormous benefits it will yield to us. The cost of treating and caring for mental ill patients increases as the days goes by as oppose to the amount involve in prevent the condition fro m occurring. The contributions of health and social care professionals over the years have been incredible and therefore ought to continue in order to prevent, reduce and even a further eradication of the epidemic. It must however be noted that the sickness is preventable and even treatable so do not die in silence since the problem shared, is the problem solved.REFERENCESAustin, (2010) Psychiatric and mental health nursing for Canadian practice, Medicine series Lippincott Williams Wilkins, edition 2 revised, ISBN 0781795931, 9780781795937Bigbee, J. L. and Amidi-Nouri, A. (2000) History and evolution of advanced nursing practice, advanced nursing practice an integrated approach (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, pp. 3-32.Brug, J., Lechner, L., De Vries, H. (1995a) Psychosocial Determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption, Appetite, Vol. 25 No.3, pp.285-96.Carol, B. and ASH, S. (2004) Tobacco and Mental Health, Scotland open at http//www.ashscotland.org.uk/ash/files/tobacco %20and%20mental%20health.pdfCentre for Health Promotion (1997) Proceedings from the International Workshop on Mental Health Promotion 1997 Toronto, University of Toronto.Keyes, C. L. M. (2002) From languishing to flourishing in life The mental health continuum , Journal of Health and Social Behavior No 43.Kitchener, B. and Jorm, A. (2002) Mental Health First Aid Manual Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University.Mental Health and Learning Disabilities (1998) a guide to working with vulnerable clients, Guidelines for mental health and learning disabilities nursing, Kingdom important Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting.Mental Health Training (n. d) A Mental Health Training Programme for Community Health Workers, Helping People with Mental Illness, University of Manchester.Ministry of Supply and Services (1988) Mental health for Canadians, Health and Welfare Canada striking a balance. Ottawa Canada.Moline, L. M., David, A. K., Ruth, W. R., Lori , L. A. and Lee, S. C. (2001) Postpartum Depression A Guide for Patients and Families, A postgraduate Medicine Special report, Expert Consensus Guideline Series. Available at http//www.psychguides.com/DinW%20postpartum.pdf.Rahman, A., Mubbashar, M., Gater, R. and Goldberg, D. (1998) Randomised Trial of Impact of School Mental Health Programme in country Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Lancet 352 (9133) 1022-25.Royal College of General Practitioners (2007) Care of People with Mental Health Problems, Curriculum Statement 13Rutz W et al (1992) Cost-benefit analysis of an educational program for general practitioners given by the Swedish Committee for Prevention and Treatment of Depression Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 85 457-464.Scottish executive director (2004a) Health in Scotland Edinburgh Scottish Executive Available at http//www.scotland.gov.uk/library5/health/his03-03.asp.Secker, J. (1998) Current conceptualizations of mental health and mental health promotion Health Education Researc h, 13 57-66Trent, D. (1992) The promotion of mental health fallacies of current thinking, Promotion of mental health 2562.Tudor, K. (1996) paradigms and practice, Mental health promotion London Rout ledge.Weare, K. (2000) A whole school approach, Promoting mental, emotional and social health. London RoutledgeFalmer.Weiss, M. G., Jadhav, S., Raguram, S., Vounatsou, P. and Littlewood, R. (2001) Anthropology and Medicine, Psychiatric Stigma across Cultures Local Validation in Bangalore and London 8 (1) 71-87.World Health Organisation (2003) Investing in mental health, Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.World Health Organization (1975) Sixteenth Report of the WHO Expert Committee on Mental Health, Organization of Mental Health Services in Developing Countries Technical Report Series 564, WHO, Geneva.World Health Organization (1986) Ottawa convey for Health Promotion. Geneva.World Health Organization (2002) Mental Health Po licy and Service Guidance Package Workplace Mental Health Policies and Programmes, Draft account Geneva, WHO, Mental Health Department and Substance Dependence (unpublished document).Web 1= (www.mind.org.uk) Accessed 21- 05-2010Web 2= http//www.cmha.ca/bins/content_page.asp?cid=3-86-87-88 Accessed on the 15-08-2010.Web3= http//www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/depression/mentalhealthprofessionals_000358.htm Accessed 12- 06- 2010

A Rose Or Marguerite By Any Other Name :: essays papers

A Rose Or Marguerite By Any new(prenominal) Name So goes the quote by William Shakespeare, and many people believe this is true. However, to many of African-American descent, both past and present, to be called out of your name, is mavin of the greatest insults imaginable. Mary, a chapter from volume one, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, of Dr. Maya Angelous five-volume autobiography, details the horror and rage she felt, and the retribution she administered, at such an act.The grade was 1938, and Dr. Angelou, then going by her birth name, Marguerite Johnson, was 10 years old and working as a maid & cooks partner for a white woman named Mrs. Viola Cullinan, the daughter of wealthy Virginian parents. According to Miss Glory, the cook whose family had been slaves for the Cullinans, she had married beneath her to a man whose money didnt mount to much. Marguerite pitied Mrs. Cullinan because she was old, fat, and ugly and couldnt have children, though it was well known that her husband had two beautiful daughters by a washed-out lady. She tried to feel Mrs. Cullinans loneliness and pain, and tried very hard to make up for her barrenness by coming to work early and staying late. unmatched evening Marguerite was asked to serve Mrs. Cullinan and her women friends their drinks on the closed-in porch. When asked her name, Mrs. Cullinan answers for her, Her names Margaret. A close pronunciation, but incorrect, nevertheless. Americans are particularly inept, I think, at pronouncing anything that has a exotic flair to it, or a foreign sound to it, and its much easier for people to say Margaret, than Marguerite, or Andrea instead of Andrica. It is well known that the sweetest sound in any language is the sound of ones own name, so we dont take it mildly if somebody makes fun of our names or belittles us because of our name, or mispronounces our name. We proclaim ourselves with a name and were very defensive about them, it is a major part of our identity. Well, that may be, but the names too long. Id never bother myself. Id call her Mary if I was you, said the speckle-face friend who had asked the question. The very next day, Mrs. Cullinan called Marguerite by the wrong name, and her dignity and pride, sorry amid poverty and racism, became at stake.

Computers and Homeland Security Unite Essay -- Technology Department o

Computers and mother country Security UniteHomeland security was created by the Bush administration in 2001 as a result of the family line 11th events. It is an independent dresser in the United States whose mission is to protect the nation from potential terrorist attacks. Together the agency is do up of twenty two agencies and 180,000 employees. Their main focus is intelligence and warning boarder and transportation security domestic counterterrorism protecting critical infrastructure defend against catastrophic threats and emergency preparedness and response (Whitehouse 1). The agency could not carry out these important tasks if it were not for the latest in computer technology.The Department of Homeland Security is connected to all fifty states (Whitehouse 1), networking, and the shared information across the US makes it easier to keep everyone informed of the current events which allows them to work together more efficiently. It is their antic to inform the American people if they are at risk for terrorism. The agency issues a current and up to date warning level sign for terrorism alerts.In 2003 the United States Homeland Security signed a contract with Microsoft making them the agencies supplier of desktop computers and computer software (gov exec 1). America will expend 90 million dollars to purchase the rights to 140,000 computers for the next five years to ensure that they keep America secure. As a result of the new system from Microsoft the agency was allowed to simplify their network because it is now all intergraded into one system that they did not have in the past.The agency uses computers to organize all the data they have sedate by entering it into a computer database. They call the database... ...rrent information in their databases. Today America is continuously up dating and entering information into their databases because they rely to prevent further US destruction. With this new system of security implemented the nation is less likely to suffer another attack like September 11th 2001 because we will have enough time to prepare for potential terrorist attacks in the future with this new system implemented. Works Cited TeleType GPS Homeland Security US Coast Guard Press Release. February 19,2003. TeleType GPS,Http//www.teletype.com/pages/pgs/press/coast_guard_homeland_secuirty.html GovExec. July 15, 2003. National Journal Group INC. http//www.goveexec.com/story_page.cfm?articleeid Homeland Security Home page. July 20, 2005. The White House President George Bush. http//www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/homeland/

How Should The Indian Mutiny B Essay example -- essays research papers

HOW SHOULD THE INDIAN MUTINY BE CHARACTERISED? SHOULD IT BE SEEN AS A POST heartsease REVOLT, A NATIONALIST UPRISING, OR AS A WAR OF INDEPENDENCE?Any discussion on the reasons behind the Indian mutiny needs to be preceded by what the mutiny actu wholey was. While mutinies and revolts were not uncommon in India at this time, they were usually largely uncoordinated. The mutiny of 1857 however, was different. Here was a major crossroad of various strands of resistance, and an expansion of scale and new level of intensity . It is my purpose to discover why this was. The Mutiny was initiated on the 10th May 1857 at Meerut by the XI native cavalry. The immediate issue was the greased powder magazines of the new rifle which was being brought into use in India. Soldiers were expected to bite off the end of the cartridge to release the powder with which to prime the rifle. It had been suggested as early as 1853 by Colonel Tucker that the new grease might offend the religious sentiments of the Sepoys, but this warn had gone unheeded. This type of attitude was typical of the British who constantly underestimated the importance of Indian righteousness, and the failure to do so here was to have disastrous consequences.In January 1857 a labourer at the Dum Dum arsenal near Calcutta, a low caste Hindu, taunted a high caste Sepoy who had offended him that You will soon leave out your caste, as long as you will have to bite cartridges covered with the fat of pigs and cows . The news of this incident spread. As it was against Muslim and Hindu religion to come into contact with these meats, it would have been a disgrace for them to have had to use these rifles. However, it was not personal pollution that the Sepoys feared but, social ostracism, they feared they would be ex communicated by their let people. Furthermore, the whole incident appeared more sinister to the Sepoys , who already suspected the British had in mind to make them outcasts and convert them to Christian ity. With this skepticism still rife, Colonel Carmichael Smith tell his regiment at Meerut to parade for firing practice on 24th April 1857. He was aware the situation was tense, but there were new instructions to establish the cartridges with fingers and not teeth. However, the men refused to take practice cartridges even though they were the old type, as they feared for their reputations.The men were court ma... ... instrument that the British were using to keep power, and hence once the army had shown they were no longer supporting Britain, people would not fear reprisals in broaching problems that they had against British rule, and also use the mutiny as an strive to elevate themselves to greater power and status.To adequately describe the mutiny seems to call for the answer that in many senses of the word it was not one mutiny, but many, all occurring for different reasons in a domino effect, started for one reason, but quickly moving on to another agenda as it moved throu gh the country. The existent mutiny itself started from a relatively minor occurrence, but its continuance portrays an expression of broader discontent among the ordinary people of India, although it cane be seen there were no intelligibly defined aims involved. Furthermore, the fact that there was no move away from westernism directly after the mutiny dispels more from any argument of a war of liberty or a national uprising. Thus if the mutiny has to be characterised at all, which has been shown is particularly hard, and maybe even undesirable, then it would have to be described as some type of post pacification revolt.